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Ẹ jẹ ki a gbé èdè àti àṣà yorùbá lárugẹ: keeping the yoruba language alive….

The Yoruba Blog

Iwé-àkọ-ránṣẹ́ ni èdè Yorùbá – Letter writing in Yoruba Language

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Ni àtijọ́, àwọn ọmọ ilé-iwé ló ńran àgbàlagbà ti kò lọ ilé-iwé lọ́wọ́ lati kọ iwé, pataki ni èdè abínibí.  Ẹ ṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn iwé-àkọ-ránṣẹ́ wọnyi ni ojú iwé yi:

Ìwé ti Ìyá kọ sí ọmọ

Èsì iwé ti ọmọ kọ si iyá

Iwé ti ọkọ kọ si iyàwó

Èsi iwé ti aya kọ si ọkọ

types of essay in yoruba language

ENGLISH TRANSLATION

In the olden days, school children often helped the elderly who were not literate to write letters particularly in the ethnic language.  See samples of letters written in Yoruba below:

Letter from mother to child

20 Afunbiowo  Street                                                                                 Akure

20 February, 1969

My dearest child,

Hope you are well as I am here?  Your Father and your younger ones are fine.  Hope your studies are going on fine?

My child “Akanki” do not forget your home.  You will not disappear in your land of sojourn (Amen).  Face your studies.  You will bring in your harvest home.

Extend greetings to your friends.  We shall be expecting your response.

May our meeting be as sweet as honey.

Yours truly,                                                                                                                                         Your mother – Wale’s mother.

Child’s response to mother

Room 24                                                                                                        Fagunwa Hall                                                                                               University of Lagos                                                                                    Akoka, Lagos

March 13, 1969

My Dearest Mother ,

How are you and my father?  How is everyone at home?

I am very glad to inform you that I got to my School safely, my studies are going on fine.  School is good, we are fed thrice daily, a big ocean is near our School.  I met one our town’s man whose name is Kayode – from Aro’s family compound.  He has helped me a lot to settle down in School.

I promise you and my father that I will not forget home.

Extend my special greetings to my younger ones ant to my brother Wale too.  Also extend my greetings to my father and everyone at home.

We shall meet joyfully.

Yours truly,                                                                                            Your Son Ibukunolu

Husband’s letter to wife

12 Onabola Street                                                                                       Somolu, Lagos

12 October, 1978

My Dearest wife,

Hope you are well as I am here?  How are my children?  Hope their school is going on well?

I am glad to write you this letter, because I have been allocated an official car and I have secured an accommodation too.  As a result, I will be sending for you all soon.

My love, hope the children are not stressing you?  Tell Aduke that I love her dearly, if I see anyone coming home, I will send her toys.

Take care of the children very well.  Extend my greetings to your mother and my father too.  Greetings to everyone at home.

We shall meet joyfully very soon because I am eager to see my special wife and the children

Goodbye, we meet with happiness.

Your husband truly,                                                                                   Segun’s father

Wife’s response letter to husband in Yoruba

Ajamajebi’s ompound,                                                                              Ilorin

My true husband,

I am glad to receive your letter.  We are all fine.  The children are doing well at School.

I am also glad to hear the joyful news that you have been allocated a car in your office and also that you have found an accommodation.  By God’s grace, you will not record an accident with the vehicle.

The children are not giving me too much trouble but Aduke has been asking of her father always.

People at home are all fine.

We shall be getting ready because once the children begins their holiday we would love to join you in Lagos.

My mother sent her greetings.  Father is a bit ill but he getting better little by little.  Greetings from everyone at home.

I am eagerly looking forward to see my husband.

Do take care at work.  We shall with joyfully.

Yours truly,                                                                                                                                         Your wife Ibadi-ileke

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Originally posted 2014-03-11 01:14:25. Republished by Blog Post Promoter

15 thoughts on “ Iwé-àkọ-ránṣẹ́ ni èdè Yorùbá – Letter writing in Yoruba Language ”

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I am an African Brazilian descendent of Yoruba-Fon people. I have been studying Yourba language for quite a time of my life. I take the opportunity to congrtulate youo in your efforts to keep Youruba language and culture alive.

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Hello there! I am a student of the language (well I’m trying) and i was wondering if there are any resources to help translate a Yoruba word to Yoruba complete with accents a diacritics ? Like if I want to know how to properly write ibo lo wa?

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Hi, As at now there are no direct way of typing Yoruba word with accents a diacritics because there are no Yoruba keyboards in the market. However you can continue to check out the Yoruba Alphabets and other learning materials under the Learning subject on the Yoruba Blog. You can also download Latin Symbols to apply accents on Yoruba words. I do hope this will be helpful in answer to your question.

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Thank you sir

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Ki lo bere? You can ask your question or comment in English for clarity. Thanks.

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As of 2019, there is a Yorùbá keyboard by Yorubaname.com (Kọ́lá Túbọ̀sún). You can download it by google-ing Yorùbá keyboard by yorubaname.com or Kọ́lá Túbọ̀sún. On phone, I use the SwiftKey app then add the Yorùbá language.

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Alternatively you could copy and paste all the accented letters from this website.

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Ẹ kú ìgbìnyànjú. Inú mi dùn láti sọ fún yín wípé ànfààní láti kọ èdè yorùbá nírọ̀rùn ti jáde. Mo ri wípé ó nira fún ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ láti kọ èdè yorùbá pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rọ ayára bí àṣá. Ìdí ni yi tí mo fi ṣe ohun tí a le fi máa kọ èdè wa (Yorùbá) ati Igbo ati Hausa. Ẹ lọ sí àdírèsì yii gazaliwakil.com.ng

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i like it but if u want me to cotinue in this site i need is a letter writing in yoruba telling your friend how u spent ur last easter holiday

Hello, why did you put a nasty comment in your earlier comment saying “you hate you people”.

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Differences between informal and formal letter written in Yoruba. Can anyone help me with that and pls let it be written in a tabular form

The letters published ont this blog were “Informal”. What type of formal letter are you interested in? You can send an example of your type of formal letter so it can be translated into Yoruba.

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Hi my name is Tina aka Arike that is the name my friend gave me. I will be moving to Nigeria soon but I want to write my friend a love letter in his language. I have been reading books on the language going on Youtube and even using Google translate in its awful. Google’s translation is saying something different from what I am writing. Can you do something on writing love letters? Translating from English to Yoruba

Hi Tina, please send a copy of the content of the kind of love letter you wish to write to enable The Yoruba Blog Editor to translate for you. Send such mail to: [email protected]

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Library Home

Yorùbá Yé Mi

types of essay in yoruba language

Fehintola Mosadomi, University of Texas, Austin

Copyright Year: 2014

ISBN 13: 9781937963026

Publisher: COERLL

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Robert Sanders, Assoc. Prof. of Spanish (BA French, PhD Spanish, 10 years experience directing a large first year Spanish program), Portland State University on 2/8/17

This beginning Yoruba textbook has all of the basic components I would expect: a focus on four skills and functions ranging from greetings and descriptions to planning, shopping, food, clothing, housing, and medical attention, starting with the... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

This beginning Yoruba textbook has all of the basic components I would expect: a focus on four skills and functions ranging from greetings and descriptions to planning, shopping, food, clothing, housing, and medical attention, starting with the student in the classroom and extending out to family, friends, celebrities and, in the final chapter, back to university studies.

The text contains ample exercises that can be performed in class or prepared at home, and has a solid introduction to Yoruba phonetics and grammatical structures, as well as an extensive appendix of phonetics exercises focusing on tonality (a particular difficulty for North American students of Yoruba) with audio recordings.

The text is well supported by a companion website, hosted by the Center for Open Educational Resources and Language Learning (a National Language Resource Center). The audio files are easily accessed at this site using a mobile device and the QR codes in the text.

The approach of the textbook is highly immersive, which in early chapters precludes extensive discussion of culture. Later chapters have longer readings and dialogues (as well as monologues) revealing cultural concepts. The text does introduce and practice well cultural behavior norms. I would have liked to have more treatment, early on, of the influence of Yoruba in the world and particularly in the Americas, perhaps accompanying the introductory maps of Yoruba’s geographic heritage and influence, albeit this might conflict with the text’s focus on L2. I was also surprised to see no mention of Wole Soyinka, the 1986 Nobel Laureate for Literature.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

I have a B.A. in French and a Ph.D. in Spanish, and have studied a few other languages along the way, but am not familiar with Yoruba (I am reviewing other aspects of the text). Nonetheless, the number of professional, academic and native collaborators and consultants, within and without the University of Texas at Austin, suggests that the content of the text is very reliable.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

Generally speaking, curricula at this level of language study tend to be universal, and are not highly exposed to shifting cultural or political contexts. The text does include some references to celebrities which would necessarily date any textbook, but such references are generally necessary for students beginning to describe people in a new language. These activities are quickly identifiable and can easily be updated in time.

There are a couple of references to and a photo of the author’s school, the University of Texas at Austin, in the final chapter. From a traditional textbook perspective I would say this should be avoided, as it gives the book a sense of being homespun. However, it may be that in the new information sharing communities of Open Educational Resources, textbooks need not be as generic or anonymous as in traditional publishing and perhaps the references to UT give the text authenticity.

Clarity rating: 5

The organization is very clear and, as a beginning text, the language is necessarily simple. The grammar explanations (chapters 1-11 of 12) are given in simple English. The exercise instructions are in Yoruba and very clear English.

Consistency rating: 4

The chapters follow a clear framework, so after a couple of chapters the students (and instructors) will have clear expectations for the material and will be able to find a rhythm. Each chapter begins with a statement of objectives, then vocabulary taken from the chapter’s cultural readings and mono/dialogues, followed by grammar explanations and practice exercises, many of them incorporating the readings and/or monologues or dialogues.

Modularity rating: 4

Some of the chapters of this text would work very well for review or to bolster a non-traditional language program for which one did not want to adopt a complete text, such as a short term study abroad program or in Community Based Learning. Some chapters don’t have sufficient audio files to stand alone very well, but those that do would be easy to use because the book chapters contain all of the exercises and the audio files are free and are inked via QR codes—I found them very easy to use and generally of very good quality.

It is disappointing to see the textbook published with the Creative Commons NoDeriviativeWorks license, preventing others from remixing the text and its resources.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The chapters build up in complexity pretty consistently as learners increase their abilities; the cultural readings, monologues and dialogues particularly become more extensive and, as far as I can tell, more revealing of culture. The introduction is excellent, and the final chapter brings students back to the topic of the first chapter (studying), but without presenting any new grammar, therefor it makes and excellent conclusion to the book and I believe gives students a sense of accomplishment as well as an opening to reflect on future academic plans in relation to their language and cultural studies.

The chapters are generally of about 24 pages each, sometimes as short as 16 and sometimes as long as 28, with length corresponding naturally to the type of content presented. I was somewhat disappointed with the irregular distribution of audio files. The introduction and the appendix have many, and the early chapters tend to have a few, but while some of the later chapters had six audio files, others had only one or none.

Interface rating: 3

The number of professional, academic and native collaborators and consultants suggests that the content of the text is very reliable. But there are some issues with the layout that detract from the user experience and lower the perceived value of the text. While these don’t make the text less usable, hopefully they will be addressed in time. Perhaps most notable is the footer identifying the Center for Open Educational Resources and Language Learning and the University of Texas. This seems heavy-handed and gives the book the feel of a user manual. At the moment there isn’t really good control of the white space in the text, with many pages half empty and some totally blank. These are the spaces that a traditional development editor would fill with images and additional cultural notes. Currently the images feel like an odd mix of texture photos, photos, line art and clip art, there are no design elements to tie the visuals together. The photos would also benefit greatly from captions and credits. The text is laid out on 8.5x11” paper, an excellent choice for open resources, but they pages are not well laid out to allow for binding, either three-hole, spiral, or tape.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

I did not see any grammar errors or errata in the English portions of the book.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

Yorùbá Yé Mi appears to me to be a respectful and inclusive text, although I would have preferred to see more images of men in the chapter on fashion, and more images of women in the chapter on work. It might also have been nice to see an image of urban housing in the chapter on home.

One of the strengths of Yorùbá Yé Mi is that it is a product of a collaborative effort, under the direction of Dr. Mosadomi, of about twenty academic, student and professional participants, contributors, consultants, and assistants, with the support of the Center for Open Educational Resources and Language Learning. Including the work of students and Fulbright FL Teaching Assistants embodies and important dimension of the Open Ed Resource movement. The accompanying website also curates some student videos that add to the textbook resources.

I believe this is an important addition to the resources available, free or otherwise, for the teaching of Yoruba. The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition at the University of Minnesota indicates there are 31 college and universities in the U.S. that offer Yoruba courses, yet in search through Faculty Center (facultycenter.net) I was only able to find seven Yoruba textbooks, three of them being out of print and a couple of the remainder being difficult to acquire.

Table of Contents

  • Chapter 1 - Orí Kìíní | Greetings
  • Chapter 2 - Orí Kejì | My Classroom
  • Chapter 3 - Orí Kẹta | Mark The Date
  • Chapter 4 - Orí Kẹrin | What Time Do We Meet?
  • Chapter 5 - Orí Karùnún | My Family Tree
  • Chapter 6 - Orí Kẹfà | Shop With
  • Chapter 7 - Orí Keje | Let's Find Something To Eat!
  • Chapter 8 - Orí Kẹjọ | Are You Feeling Good Today
  • Chapter 9 - Orí Kẹsànán | My Work Place
  • Chapter 10 - Orí Kẹwàá | Home Sweet Home!
  • Chapter 11 - Orí Kọkànlá | Nice Style!
  • Chapter 12 - Orí Kejìlá | Campus Life

Ancillary Material

About the book.

The Yorùbá Yé Mi textbook, combined with an open access, multi-media website at http://www.coerll.utexas.edu/yemi , is an interactive, communicative, introductory Yorùbá program. It provides college/university students with basic listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills of language learning in Yorùbá. It exposes the learner not only to Yorùbá language in meaningful situations but also to the culture of the Yorùbá-speaking people of South-western Nigeria. It contains effective techniques for teaching and learning Yorùbá including tones, and is user friendly in its approach.

About the Contributors

Fehintola Mosadomi is assistant professor in the Department of Middle Eastern Studies.

She holds a Ph.D. in interdisciplinary linguistics with a minor in Francophone studies from Tulane University, with two master’s degrees from the University of Delaware.

Her research interests include Yoruba language, culture and history, Yoruba women and Creole studies.

Dr. Mosadomi is a poet, who has authored several articles in books and journals on Creole studies, African language and gender, African linguistics and pedagogy. She is completing her manuscript on Yoruba grammar.

Dr. Mosadomi was awarded the Dana-Dartmouth Fellowship, was a Fellow at the Center for Research on Women at Tulane University, and is a Faculty Fellow at the Center for Women’s and Gender Studies at The University of Texas at Austin. She received a grant from Liberal Arts Instructional Technology Services for Yoruba technology. 

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See this page in Yorùbá

Yoruba (Èdè Yorùbá)

Yoruba is a member of the Volta-Niger branch of the Niger-Congo family of languages. It is spoken by about 43 million people, mainly in southwestern Nigeria, and also in Ghana, Benin, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire and Niger.

Yoruba at a glance

  • Native name : Èdè Yorùbá [e˩de˩ joru˩ba˥]
  • Language family : Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo, Volta-Congo, Volta–Niger, Yoruboid, Edekiri
  • Number of speakers : c. 43 million
  • Spoken in : Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger
  • First written : 17th century AD
  • Writing system : Arabic and Latin alphabets
  • Status : official language in Nigeria, Benin and Togo

Yoruba is spoken by about 42 million people in Nigeria, is one of the four official languages of Nigeria, along with English, Hausa and Igbo, and the de facto provincial language in the southwestern region. It is taught in schools, and used in newspapers, TV, radio and literature.

In Benin Yoruba is spoken by about 209,000 people, especially in Porto-Novo city in the southwest. Yoruba is taught in some primary schools in Benin.

Other countries with significant numbers of Yoruba speakers include Ghana (460,000), Togo (117,000), Côte d'Ivoire (115,000) and Niger (74,800).

Yoruba is also known as Yariba, Yooba or Yorùbá. There are five groups of Yoruba dialects: Northwest, Northeast, Central, Southwest and Southeast. The Northwest dialects of Ọyọ and Ibadan are the basis for Literary Yoruba or Standard Yoruba, the formal written version of Yoruba.

Written Yoruba

Yoruba was written with a version of the Arabic alphabet (Ajami) from the 17th century. Missionaries devised ways to write Yoruba with the Latin alphabet during the 19th century. The first Yoruba publications were a number of teaching booklets produced by John Raban in 1830-2. The person who made the biggest contribution to Yoruba literacy was Bishop Ajayi (Samual) Crowther (1806-1891), who studied many of the languages of Nigeria, including Yoruba, and wrote and translated in some of them. Crowther was also the first Christian bishop of West African origin.

A standard orthography for Yoruba in Nigeria was agreed on at a conference organised by the Church Missionary Society in 1875. A revised version has been used since 1966. One of the changes was to use dots rather than lines between e, o and s (ẹ, ọ, ṣ rather than e̩, o̩, s̩)

A slightly different alphabet for Yoruba is used in Benin. It was standardized by the National Language Commission in 1975, and revised by the National Center for Applied Linguistics in 1990 and 2008.

A new way to write Yoruba, known as Odùduwà , was devised by Tolúlàṣẹ Ògúntósìn, a priest-chief from Benin, in 2011.

The Yoruba alphabet (Álífábẹ́ẹ̀tì Yorùbá) - Nigeria

The yoruba alphabet (Álífábɛ́ɛ̀tì yorùbá) - benin.

The mid tone is not usually marked.

Download an alphabet chart for Yoruba (Excel)

Hear the Yoruba alphabet:

Sample text

Gbogbo ènìyàn ni a bí ní òmìnira; iyì àti ẹ̀tọ́ kọ̀ọ̀kan sì dọ́gba. Wọ́n ní ẹ̀bùn ti làákàyè àti ti ẹ̀rí-ọkàn, ó sì yẹ kí wọn ó máa hùwà sí ara wọn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọmọ ìyá.

Translation

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Ri iwe yi ni Yorùbá

Sample video in Yoruba

Information about Yoruba | Phrases | Numbers | Time | Tower of Babel | Books about Yoruba on: Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk [affilate links]

Information about Yoruba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language

Online Yoruba lessons http://mylanguages.org/yoruba_audio.php http://www.africa.uga.edu/Yoruba/about.html http://www.learnyoruba.com http://polymath.org/yoruba.php https://www.youtube.com/c/yorubalessons/videos

Online Yoruba phrases http://www.motherlandnigeria.com/languages.html http://www.abeokuta.org/yoruba.htm

Online Yoruba dictionary http://www.yorubadictionary.com http://aroadeyorubadictionary.com http://www.nigeriandictionary.com/language.php?lang_id=68&char=

Online Yoruba Radio https://radiolagos.net/

Volta-Niger languages

Aja , Ayizo , Edo , Ewe , Fon , Gen , Igala , Igbo , Ikwerre , Isoko , Kupa , --> Nupe , Ogba , Urhobo , Yorùbá

Languages written with the Latin alphabet

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  NAME   OF THE PROGRAMME – B.A. Yoruba

2.0 PROGRAMME CODE – 2215

3.0       ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

To be admitted into B.A. Yoruba, a candidate is required to meet at least one of the following:

A minimum of five credits at not more than two sittings in the GCE, O’ level, SSCE, NECO

examinations or its equivalent in relevant subjects including English Language, Literature in

English and Yoruba.

  • A minimum of three credit passes in NCE, OND, HND or its equivalent in subjects including English Language and Literature as well as the O’ level result .
  • ii)        GCE Advanced level or IJMB passes in two subjects, with three other subjects in the O’ level, including Yoruba.

4.0     PHILOSOPHY

4.1       PHILOSOPHY

To provide students with in-depth, functional, cost-effective, flexible learning at a distance so as to enhance their skills in the theory and use of Yoruba language as well as sensitive and critical appreciation of Yoruba literature, which are necessary for adequate expression and self-actualisation in the global context.

4.2       VISION

To be the most learner-focused and learner-sensitive programme of the National Open University of Nigeria

4.3       MISSION

To provide opportunities for the development of competences in Yoruba Language and Literature.

5.0     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

5.1       AIMS

The primary aim of the B.A. Yoruba is to:

  • Expose students to various aspects of the language,linguistics, literature and culture with a view to helping them achieve greater competence and sophistication in their understanding and appreciation of the values inherent in those aspects;
  • Train them to be able to apply their knowledge for the advancement of their society; and
  • Prepare them for further studies in Yoruba and/or for relevant careers (e.g. teaching, administration, etc)

5.2       OBJECTIVES

The B.A. Yoruba programme is designed to equip students with adequate skills in the theory and use of the language for the advancement of Nigeria within the international community. It is also expected that a critical faculty be developed in the students in terms of being able to read between the lines of any language text they come across as well as being able to develop interest in literary productions. Thus, upon successful completion of the programme, graduates should be able to:

  • Show effective mastery of the Yoruba language in its various applications
  • Achieve adequate self-expression and self-actualization 
  • Exhibit preparedness for postgraduate studies in the Yoruba language and literature
  • Engage in Yoruba language and literature teaching in Nigerian schools and colleges 
  • Overcome deficiencies in their spoken and written Yoruba language
  • Develop a sound critical faculty for the analysis of texts of all kinds, visual or literary
  • Show a disciplined flare for the creation of literary pieces
  • Use linguistic ability to contribute to national development through appropriate usage of language and literature.

6.0     PROGRAMME STRUCTURE AND DEGREE RULES

6.1     OUTLINE OF COURSE STRUCTURE

First Semester

Second Semester

First Semester  

Second Semester  

                                                                                                                       

Total Credit Units:  155

6.2       DEGREE RULES

For graduation with a B.A. Yoruba (Hons.), a student must have a minimum of 120 credit units, which includes 20 credit units of general courses for an 8 semester structure; and a minimum of 90 credit units and 16 credit units from the general courses for a 6 semester structure.

Summary of Distribution of Course Credits by Level

NOTE:    Direct Entry students are to register for GST 107, which is a 2 credit course.

6.3       COURSE CONTENT SPECIFICATIONS

GST 101          USE OF ENGLISH AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS I (2 CREDIT UNITS C)

Listening enabling skills; Listening and Comprehending; comprehension; note-taking and information retrieval, including data, figures, diagrams and charts; listening for main idea, interpretation and critical evaluation. Effective reading: skimming and scanning; Reading and comprehension at various speed levels; Vocabulary development in various academic contexts; Reading diverse texts in narratives and expository; Reading and comprehending passages with tables; Scientific texts; Reading for interpretation and critical evaluation.

GST 102          USE OF ENGLISH AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS II (2 CREDIT UNITS C)                                                                                                                  

Writing paragraphs; Topic sentence and coherence; Development of paragraphs; illustration; Description; cause and effect including definitions; Formal letters: essential parts and stylistic forms; complaints and requests; jobs; ordering goods Letters to government and other organizations; Writing reports; reporting events, experiments, writing summaries

CIT      101      COMPUTER IN SOCIETY                                                (2 CREDIT UNITS C)

What is Computer, Elements of a Computer: Hardware and Software, How to Work with a Computer, Operating Systems, and Files. Word Processing: Introduction to Word Processing, Word Processing Program Facilities, Copying text, Saving Changes, and Formatting. Spreadsheet: Entering and Correcting Data, Using Formula, Numeric Formats, Creating Charts, Charts from Non-adjacent Data, Embedded Charts, Charts Links and Chart Types. PowerPoint and Presentations: Presentation Screen, Creating New Presentations, Naming Presentations, Saving Presentations and Formatting Slides, Using Auto-shapes. Networking, Internet and Electronic mail.

CIT 102           APPLICATION SOFTWARE SKILLS                             (2 CREDIT UNITS C)

Brief description of computer system: CPU, I/O devices; Operating systems; Computer File Management; Computer Software: overview, types, etc.; Application software: common application software; Using Microsoft Word; Using Microsoft Excel; Features of Database Applications and Microsoft Access; Statistical Analysis Applications; Using SPSS software; Introduction to Desktop Publishing applications; Computer applications in Nursing; Computer applications in Agriculture; Managing the computer system with the Control Panel.

CSS 111          INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY           (3 CREDIT UNITS E)

Definition of sociology, family, marriage, society, and culture, socialization; Conforming, deviance, power, authority, leadership, social organizations, Group, social differentiation, religion, social interactions, social stratification, social mobility, collective behaviour, public opinion and propaganda, social change.

GST 105:         HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE                (2 CREDIT UNITS C)

Nature of Science, Scientific Methods and Theories, Laws of Nature, History of Science; Origin of Western Science in Ancient Times, Science in the Middle Ages of Europe, Rise of Modern Science, Twentieth Century Scientific Revolution. Lost Sciences of Africa, Science, Technology and Inventions, Nature and Scope of Philosophy of Science, Man;His Nature and Origin, Cosmic Environment and Natural Resources, Great Scientists of Nigerian Origin.

GST 107          THE GOOD STUDY GUIDE                                              (2CREDIT UNITS C)

Getting Started: How to use the book, Why read about study skills, Getting yourself organized, What is studying all about, Reading and Note-taking: Introduction, Reactions to reading, Your reading strategy, Memory, Taking notes. Other ways of studying: Introduction, Learning in groups, Talks and lectures, Learning from T.V and Radio broadcasts, Other study media. Working with numbers: Getting to know numbers, Describing the world, Describing the tables, Describing with diagrams and graphs, What is good writing? The importance of writing, What does an essay look like, What is a good essay. How to write essays; Introduction, The craft of writing, The advantages of treating essay writing as a craft, Making your essay flow, Making a convincing case, The experience of writing. Preparing for examination.

LIN 111          INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS I                              (2 CREDIT UNITS E)   

What is Linguistics? Language and Linguistics, History of Linguistics, The nature of (Human) Language, Human Language versus Animal Language, Linguistic knowledge and performance, Language, Brain and the Mind, The Evolution of Language, The Autonomy of Language, Formal descriptions of Language, Grammar and types of Grammar (Descriptive, Prescriptive, and Teaching), Language Universals, Language in Society, Language and Culture; Sign Language; Language Varieties; Contrastive Linguistics; Sociolinguistics

           

LIN 112          INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS II                            (2 CREDIT UNITS E)

Introduction- Review of Part 1, Introduction to Phonology and Distinctive Features; Phonetics: Phoneme; Morphology: Morpheme and Words; Syntax: the Sentence; Semantics: Meaning; Pragmatics; Discourse Analysis; Language acquisition (First and Second); Language and Technology; Language and Development (issues of exclusion); Historical Linguistics and Language Change; Applied Linguistics; Psycholinguistics; Writing Systems/Orthography development; Modern Schools of Thought; Linguistic Methodologies; Language Documentation; Corpus Linguistics.

LIN116           HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS                                              (2CREDIT UNITS C)

This course provides knowledge of the historical development of linguistics as a scientific discipline from the Greek days to the present.  It focuses attention on the various ‘schools’ and models and the outstanding names who have helped to shape the discipline of linguistics.  Attention should also be paid to contributions to language study by linguistics and institutions in Nigeria.

YOR 111         INTRODUCTION TO THE YORUBA PEOPLE AND LANGUAGE

(2 CREDIT UNITS C)

This course introduces the students to the people, the Yoruba Language, their origin, migration, oral history, and their relationship to other peoples in Nigeria and Africa.  The Language component includes: introduction to the orthography and the history of the orthography; history of the development of the Language; its classification: Genetic, Typological and aerial; Scholarship over the years.

YOR 113         INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE YORUBA PEOPLE

This is an introductory course on the oral and written history of the Yoruba people in which the various historical sources are critically examined and discussed.

YOR 124         ADVANCED COMPOSITION AND COMPREHENSION I   (2 CREDIT UNITS C) 

Composition with emphasis on spelling, punctuation, organization, and language use; comprehension exercises; oral delivery in Yoruba

ENG161        THEATRE WORKSHOP                                           (2CREDIT UNITS E)

Theatre Workshop introduces the student to the history, theories and practice of theatre. It is a practical course through which the students are expected to acquire the basic theatre skills such as speech and voice training, techniques of improvisation, acting and stage construction. They are also expected to learn and perfect their skills in directing, lighting, costume and make up, casting and rehearsals. The student, by the end of this course, should be able to distinguish between drama and theatre.

ARA181       BASIC ARABIC                                                             (2CREDIT UNITS E)

Revision of Arabic letters of Alphabet and its autography;  the Arabic Single and Double Vowels; the Sun and the Moon letters; suitable texts with essential vocalization in prose and poem; adequate oral and written  exercises are to be provided.

JLS 111             INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM                                               (3 CREDITS E)

Historical approach to the development of Journalism, the pre/post independent periods, the independent era.The nature of news. Writing the news, editing the copy, headline writing, journalistic style, elements of good news reporting., interviewing and news sources.  Media laws, court reporting, knowing the courts in Nigeria, defamation and copyright laws.

FRE 101          BASIC FRENCH GRAMMAR I(FOR NON-MAJOR)        (2 CREDIT UNITS E)

Identification of People in French, Identification of Things in French, Greetings in French, Presentation of People in French, Presentation of Self in French, Saying Ones Profession in French, Presentation of One’s Daily Itineraries in French, Requesting for Price and Payment in French, Giving Precise Information on Past Events in French, Asking for Specified Quantity of Things, Giving out Orders, Asking for and Indicating Directions.

FRE 102          BASIC FRENCH GRAMMAR II (FOR NON-MAJOR)     (2CREDIT UNITS E)

Polite Response to a Request in French, Inviting Someone in French, Giving Guidelines in French, Travelling in French, Expression of Possibilities in French, Expression of Tastes in French, Expression of Sporting Activities in French, Expression of Sentiments in French, Describing Somebody in French, Describing Weather in French, Giving Advice in French, Expression of Obligations in French, Giving Permissions and Interdictions in French, Expression of Wishes.

ARA182         ARABIC READING I                                             (2CREDIT UNITS E)

Contents of Course Material to require reading and comprehension of Arabic passages aimed at improving reading ability and vocabulary acquisition.

INR111       INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL STUDIES                

                                                                                                      (2 CREDIT UNITS E)

Definition and Nature of international studies, Introduction to some international concepts and implementations of international studies, Development in some basic skills of international relations and politics, Orientation on History of International Economics and Trade, Element of power and International interaction, interdependence,  Major concepts of politics like Alliance, Balance of power, Universal, Regional and National Security systems, International Politics like Diplomacy, Foreign Aid, Bargaining and Negotiation, Sanctions and International Technical Assistance.

GST202      FUNDAMENTALS OF PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION                                                                                                                                                (2CREDIT UNITS C)

Basic Understanding of Conflict; Definitions, Causes and Types of Conflict, Conflict Theories, Phases in Conflict, Conflict Analysis & Transformation. Dynamics of Conflict; Relationship between Perception and Conflict, Language Barriers in Conflict and Resolution, Early Warning and Early Response Mechanism, Arms Control and Demilitarization, Peace and Education. Trends in Global Issues: International, Continental and Regional Organizations in the Pursuance of World Peace, Peaceful Methods of Conflict Resolution, Coercive Means of Conflict Resolution, Gender Issues and Humanitarian Intervention.

GST203       INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY AND LOGIC                  (2CREDIT UNITS C)

Definition and Scope of Philosophy, Philosophy as the Parent Discipline, Branches of Philosophy, Philosophy and Other Disciplines, Sources of Knowledge and Criteria for Knowing. Definition and Scope of Logic, Logic’s Vocabulary, Valid, Invalid, Deductive and Inductive Arguments, Language and its Functions. Fallacies, Definitions, Categorical Propositions, Syllogisms, Symbolizing in Logic, Truth Table Analysis, Logical Proofs of Validity Using Truth Tables, Rules of Inference and Argument Forms, Laws of Thought.

LIN211       INTRODUCTION TO PHONOLOGY                                         (3CREDIT UNITS C)

This course is a general introduction to phonology in which the relationship between phonetics and phonology in a structural framework and the principles of phonology are discussed. It includes the basic tenets and analysis based on the phonemic theory, the distinctive feature theory and generative phonology.

LIN 212          INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOLOGY                              (3 CREDIT UNITS E)

In this course an introduction to morphology is given situating the level in its relationship to phonology and syntax within a structural framework.  The course also examines the identification of morphemes, their classification, (e.g. root or affix, or inflectional or derivational), and morphological typology (e.g. isolating, agglutinative, fusional languages).

YOR211         SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE OF YORUBA               (2CREDIT UNITS C)

This is a literary survey of written works in Yoruba: prose, poetry and drama.

YOR213         USE OF YORUBA                                                                (2CREDIT UNITS C)

Examination of trends in modern usage of Yoruba; survey of common errors of usage, discussion of the principles of effective and oral communication in language; exercises.

YOR241         PHONOLOGY OF YORUBA I                                            (3CREDIT UNITS C)

Elementary phonetic description and phonetic classification of the sounds of Yoruba, examination of their patterns of occurrence and distribution, discussion of contraction, (assimilation and features like tone, stress and intonation)

YOR215         INTRODUCTION TO YORUBA ORAL LITERATURE (3CREDIT UNITS C)

This course deals with the scope of oral literature in Yoruba: its oral and written nature, problems involved in the collection and classification of oral literature, folktales and traditional poetic forms.

YOR222         MORPHOLOGY OF YORUBA                                           (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A morphological description and analysis of words in Yoruba

YOR282         VARIETIES OF PROSE WRITING IN YORUBA  (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A study of the various prose forms in Yoruba: novels, romances, short stories, essays, translations, etc.

YOR224         SYNTAX OF YORUBA I                                                     (3CREDIT UNITS C)

In this course, the students are introduced to the word classes or parts of speech of Yoruba, the sentence and its parts or constituents, the grammatical functions of the sentence parts; the different sentence types.

YOR212         FOLKTALES                                                                         (3CREDIT UNITS C)

This course focuses on the following: the universality of folktales; types of folktales; motifs in folktales; the world of folktales, characterization, setting, and techniques; performance, the narrator and the audience; the songs in folktales; creativity and originality of rendering, folktales and myths.

ENG251      LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY                                                      (3CREDIT UNITS E)

Language as a Social phenomenon and its functions; social factors of language use; Language varieties: Dialect, accent and sociolect; register; style; standard, non- standard, native and non-native; deviant/restricted varieties (slang, jargon, grafitti); new varieties (email, text messaging); languages in contact (pidgin and Creole); Language typologies; anthropology; language learning and language acquisition; bilingualism/multilingualism; language policy; language planning, maintenance, shift and death; discourse analysis; code switching, interference and borrowing; linguistic imperialism; sociolinguistic situation of Nigeria; sociolinguistics and other disciplines.  

ENG212     CREATIVE WRITING I                                                                 (3CREDIT UNITS E)

This course introduces students to the concept literary creativity. It comprises the format of imaginative writing from the germinal idea to the final script. Literary conventions and devices/techniques of creative writing will be explored, with focus on prose fiction, poetry and drama. Students will be led through the basic steps in practical literary composition.

ENG223          ADVANCED ENGLISH COMPOSITION I      (2 CREDIT UNITS E)

Basics of composition writing; various composition/essay types- persuasive, argumentative, expository, narrative, etc.

ENG 224         ADVANCED ENGLISH COMPOSITION II                 (2 CREDIT UNITS E)

Specialized composition writing, e.g., reports, long essays, minutes of meetings, various types of letters, invitations, public announcements, speech writing, etc. Correct language use; other technical matters connected with these kinds of writing.

MAC212    MEDIA AND SOCIETY                                                                (3CREDIT UNITS E)

Introduction defining the course title and explaining the link between Media Communication and the Society.Elements of communication, the cultural and social process of communication.Emphasis on sociological problems, themes and concepts. Juxtapose mass communication against the major social institutions e.g school, churches, mosques, families, marriages, cultural organizations and groups etc.  Focus on the sociology of mass communication, professionalism in journalism, mass media message/content).Review the issues of cultural imperialism arising from media dependency.Control of mass media organizations and communication politics.The Role of Communication in National Development.

CSS 211    THE SOCIOLOGY OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY (3 CREDITS UNIT E)

This course covers the following: Sociological Theory of Criminal behaviour; Psychoanalysis and Crime; Motives for law violation; Differential Association – Reinforcement Theory of Criminal behaviour; Epidemiology and individual conduct; Law, Social change, emerging legal structure of Nigeria and crime and delinquency; The Nigerian legal system (outline only), and Crime and delinquency.

GST301           ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDIES I                                    (2 CREDIT UNITS C)

Definition of Entrepreneurship, Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, Factors of Entrepreneurship; Dealing with External Factors of Entrepreneurship; Factors of Production; Profit and Other Objectives of an Entrepreneur, the Business Environment, Understanding Viability Study; Needs and Characteristics of Consumers; Mission and Enterprise Objectives; Export Market Shares; Target Market; Income Determination; Break-even Point, Size of the Business, Location Factors; Financial Requirements Forms of Ownership; Business Plan. Risk Analysis; Legal Requirements; Staffing, Purchasing; Production; Management.

LIN331       TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GRAMMAR             (3CREDIT UNITS C)

This is an introduction to the history, theory and practice of the generative transformation model with emphasis on the explanation of the basic assumptions and concepts postulated in the model (e.g. deep and surface structures, base and transformational rules, the lexicon) and practical applications of these concepts and assumptions in the analysis of phonological, morphological and syntactic data.

GST302           ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDIES II                                  (2 CREDIT UNITS C)

Some of the ventures to be focused upon include the following:

Soap/Detergent, Tooth brushes and Tooth paste making, Photography, Brick, nails, screws making, Dyeing/Textile blocks paste making, Rope making, Plumbing, Vulcanising, Brewing, Glassware production/Ceramic, production, Paper production, Water treatment/Conditioning/Packaging, Food processing/packaging/preservation, Metal working/Fabrication – Steel and aluminium door and windows, Training industry, Vegetable oil/and Salt extractions,  Fisheries/Aquaculture, Refrigeration/Air conditioning, Plastic making, Farming (crop), Domestic Electrical wiring, Radio/TV repairs, Carving, Weaving, Brick laying/making, Bakery, Tailoring, Iron welding, Building drawing, Carpentry, Leather tanning, Interior decoration, Printing, Animal husbandry (Poultry, Piggery, Goat etc), Metal Craft – Blacksmith, Tinsmith etc, Sanitary wares and Vehicle maintenance and Bookkeeping.

LIN312       RESEARCH METHODS IN LINGUISTICS (Field methods, principles of transcription, translations, tonal analysis, etc.)                                                        (3CREDIT UNITS C)

The student is taught how best to approach the gathering of data and the writing up of a grammar of a language totally new to him. The problems, both practical and theoretical, connected with field work are discussed. Simple elicitations from different information are undertaken and the students’ methods critically analysed. Students are also introduced to research methods and project design.

LIN314       CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS AND ERROR ANALYSIS      (3CREDIT UNITS E)

Introduction to the principles, goals and practice of contrastive analysis.

YOR341         PHONOLOGY OF YORUBA II (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A detailed and analytical examination of the phonological processes in Yoruba: assimilation, nasalisation, epenthesis, vowel harmony, vowel elision, length, tonal processes, and syllable structure.

YOR371         VARIETIES OF POETRY IN YORUBA (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A detailed study of the poetic forms of Hausa, their structure and their functions; a critical appreciation of them.

YOR321         SYNTAX OF YORUBA II (3CREDIT UNITS C)

In this course, an attempt is made to apply the transformational-generative theory to the analysis of the sentences of Yoruba.

YOR361         INTRODUCTION TO DRAMA IN YORUBA (3CREDIT UNITS C)

This course covers the concept of drama in Yoruba; a survey of early attempts at play writing and play acting, the influence of traditional and folk drama, and an appraisal of the written plays.

YOR351         DIALECTS OF YORUBA (3CREDIT UNITS E)

A fairly detailed consideration of the phonological, morphological, lexical and syntactic characteristics of the major regional and social varieties of Yoruba.

YOR312         NAMING IN YORUBA (3CREDIT UNITS C)

Among Nigerians, naming is not just an arbitrary affair, it is at once a mental, an emotional, a linguistic and a cultural affair.  This course, then, focuses on the linguistic and cultural importance of personal names in Yoruba.

YOR332         STYLISTICS I (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A theoretical study of stylistics in Yoruba, particularly various theories and ideas of the relationship between stylistics, literature, and linguistics; a discussion of the various literary features or devices of literature in Yoruba.

YOR314         LITERARY CRITICISM (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A study of the classic, Western and Marxist theories of literature as they relate to the prose, poetry and drama, and their application to the literature of Yoruba.

YOR316         INTRODUCTION TO THE CULTURE OF THE YORUBA PEOPLE                                                                                                                                          (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A survey of the culture of the Yoruba people in the widest sense of the word Culture.

YOR318         THOUGHTS AND BELIEFS OF THE YORUBA PEOPLE (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A detailed and analytical study of the thought, belief and religious systems of the Yoruba people.

ENG313      BLACK DIASPORA LITERATURE I – AFRICAN-AMERICAN                                                                                                                                                 (2CREDIT UNITS E)

The social and intellectual background to the literature of the African-American as manifested in their essays, political pamphlets and autobiographies; the critical study of their poetry, drama and prose fiction from the 18 th Century to the present.

ENG352     DISCOURSE ANALYSIS                                                             (3CREDIT UNITS E)

I ntroduction to the principles and practice of discourse analysis; practical analysis, study, and description of relevant textual materials.

INR332      WAR AND PEACE IN WEST AFRICA SINCE 1960                  (2CREDIT UNITS E)

Historical Perspective of major Wars in West Africa since 1960, Major causes of Wars in West Africa since independence, Mending of fences during War period in West Africa since independence, Methods of conflict resolution among States in West Africa since independence, Maintenance of Peace in West Africa since independence, The role of West African States in the Nigerian Civil War, The role of West African States in the Chadian crisis, The role of West African States in the conflicts in Sierra-Leone, The role of West African States in the Liberia and Gambia crisis. The creation of ECOWAS, Significance of ECOWAS in the maintenance of Peace in West Africa since independence, the role of ECOMOG in the peace keeping mission of the West African States.

FRE 391 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION (THEME ET VERSION)                                                                                                                                         (3 CREDIT UNITS E)

Definition of Translation, Scope of Translation, Nature of Translation, Types or Branches of Translation: Literal, Theme, Calque, Equivalent etc, Methods of Translation: Methods of French-English Translation and Methods of English-French Translation, Samples of Practical Translation of some English texts, Samples of Practical Translation of some French texts, Analyses of some selected French Texts Translations, Analysis of some selected English Texts Translations, Influence of Grammar of English and French on Translation.

LIN413       HISTORICAL/COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS                        (3CREDIT UNITS E)

This course provides a general introduction to the subject of language classification, touching upon such matters as language change, reconstruction, classification and different methods of use.  These are applied in the classification of African languages.

YOR441      ISSUES IN THE PHONOLOGY OF YORUBA                          (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A consideration of current and relevant issues in the phonology of Yoruba (e.g. tones, vowel harmony, syllable structure, intonation, etc.).

YOR413         SOCIAL AND MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE YORUBA PEOPLE                                                                                                                                          (3CREDIT UNITS C)

This is a detailed description and analysis of the Social and Material aspects of the Yoruba culture.

YOR421         ISSUES IN THE SYNTAX OF YORUBA                           (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A consideration of the current and relevant issues in the syntax of Yoruba (e.g. tense, aspect vowel and their relationships, ideophones; pronominalization, relativization, and reflexivization, nominalization adjectives as verbs).

YOR461   INTRODUCTION TO THE TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF THE YORUBA PEOPLE                                                                                                              (3CREDIT UNITS C)

An introductory study of the forms, functions and the qualities of the traditional music of the Yorubapeople.

YOR431         STYLISTICS II                                                          (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A detailed study of the stylistic features of prose and poetry, both oral and written in Yoruba, applying the principles studies in HAU332.

YOR482         CONTEMPORARY PROSE FICTION IN YORUBA (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A detailed and analytical study of prose fiction in Yoruba.

YOR472         CONTEMPORARY POETRY IN YORUBA (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A detailed and critical study and appreciation of contemporary poetry in Yoruba.

YOR414         CONTRASTIVE STUDIES IN YORUBA (3CREDIT UNITS C)

A systematic examination of the structure of the language as contrasted with those of English and Yoruba language, with emphasis on those areas requiring special attention in teaching the Yorubalanguage to speakers of English and Yoruba.

ENG453      LANGUAGE AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT                    (3CREDIT UNITS E)

Relationship between language and national development, relationship between language and individuals and societal development, language and the economy, language and national mobilization, language and national unity and integration, language and national ideology, language and a patriotic culture, language and nationalism, language and national health, language and economic wellbeing, language and infrastructural facilities, language and social attitudes, language and social culture. Constraints placed on national development by the linguistic situations in developing African nations; language as the most effective means of human communication; language as the cornerstone of mass participation in the development process.      

ENG419      AFRICAN LITERATURE AND GENDER                                 (2CREDIT UNITS E)

The twin concepts of gender and identity as the defining principles in the characterization, situations, styles of selected African literary texts; literarytexts as chronicles of the changing images of characters caught in the maelstrom of a constantly changing world; focus on instances that reflect the basic physiological differences between men and women as well as the preconceived assumptions about the “proper” roles, attitudes and characteristics (physical) that men and women should have in patriarchal societies.

YOR412         PROJECT/LONG ESSAY                                                        (6CREDIT UNITS C)

Independent research carried out under supervision on a linguistic, literary, or cultural aspect of the Yoruba language.

LIN414       LEXICOGRAPHY                                                                         (3CREDIT UNITS C)

This course provides a general introduction to words and dictionary making, writing of unwritten languages, phonemic transcription, entries, definitions, frequency and rank, cross references, lexical and semantic fields and types of classification and presentation (mono-, bi-and multilingual glossaries and dictionaries, encyclopedia, specialized glossaries, frequency dictionaries…).

LIN416           PSYCHOLINGUISTICS                                                       (3 CREDITS E)

This course presents the psycholinguist’s account of language and the relationship between language and mind.  Topics covered include language acquisition and language learning; language, thinking and cognition; language and the brain, language localization; linguistic performance and behavior, production and comprehension; language impairment. (ENG491 is adapted for use here.)

ENG424      NEW NIGERIAN LITERATURE                                                 (2CREDIT UNITS E)

The past two decades have witnessed the emergence of new Nigerian voices whose thematic concerns and literary style look similar but depart from the first and second generation Nigerian writers. Their works traverse all the genres of literature – poetry, drama, and fiction. Their observation of events is keen and their views sometimes possess a radical mien that jolts the reader into a new way of looking at things. These new voices in Nigerian writing are not necessarily young age wise; they are new on the literary scene and their subjects and style vary from the old. Their subject matters have relevance to the current situation within the Nigerian polity. For this reason, some of the following writers and their works will be analysed in this course: AkachiAdimora-Ezeigbo, ChimamandaAdichie, UwemAkpan, Jude Dibia, Sefi Atta, Teju Cole, HelonHabila, E.C. Osondu, RotimiBabatunde, Chika Unigwe, Phillip Bengho, BiyiBandele, Karen King-Aribisala, Igoni Barrett, among others. 

ENG414      SPEECH WRITING                                                                       (3CREDIT UNITS E)

Introduction – What speech writing entails, The Communication process and the context of speech writing. Basic principles of Speech writing, Types of speech, e.g. expository, analytical etc.  The step of quality speech writing, e.g., choosing topics, sourcing for information etc.  Logic, Language and Style in speech writing.  Review of selected speeches, Learners should be made to writeat least 3 speeches to test their understanding of the different steps in speech writing.

6.0       LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION

The language of instruction is the English language as well as Yoruba as the subject focus of the course.

8.0       QUALITY ASSURANCE

8.1       STAFF

Academic staff for the programme is located at the headquarters, and at the various Study Centres spread across the country.

Headquarters Staff :

  • Otubanjo, D. A. O., PhD Political Science – Professor/Dean
  • Ofulue, C. I., B.A. Linguistics (ILORIN), M.A. Linguistics (IBADAN),                                                                                                         PhD Linguistics (INDIANA) – Associate Professor
  • Other academic staff that will be employed.

8.2       ADMISSION AND REGISTRATION PROCEDURE

Admissions and registration are fully automated. Prospective students’ applications are passed through a set of criteria in line with entry requirements stated above (in 3.0). Successful candidates are issued provisional letters of admission, subject to presentation of original copies of their credentials for verification. The flexible nature of the University’s programmes allows candidates to register online for the minimum or maximum number of credit units in a semester. Nonetheless, the required qualification for admission are strictly adhered to.

8.3       INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS AND DELIVERY

The method of instruction is by the distance learning mode, which involves the use of a range of media to bridge the ‘distance’ between the instructor and the students. Print is the major medium of instruction for this programme. Each course has a study material developed and written specifically for it, which students are expected to study prior to their being examined. A course guide is also provided to give the student an overview of the course. For the oral aspect of language learning, audio tapes will be provided to accompany the study materials.

8.4       EVALUATION

Continuous assessments are carried out in the form of assignments and are based on the study material for each course. These assignments will constitute 30% of the total score. The pass mark for the continuous assessment is 40% of the total score. Except otherwise stated, each course will culminate in an end of semester examination. The examination constitutes 70% of the total score. The pass mark for the final examination is 40% of the total score. Examination Scripts are marked by the academic staff as well as tutorial facilitators within their specified areas of specialization.

8.4.1    TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT

As part of the evaluation mechanism, each course would be provided with four TMAs out of which the best three would be used for the Continuous Assessments for a course. The best three will then be used for the practical courses. To qualify to sit for examination, therefore, each student must turn in at least three TMAs for each course.

8.4.2    END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION

Each course will also be examined at the end of the semester. Instructional facilitators as well as academic staff for the programme are encouraged to develop questions for the examination data bank. The questions are moderated internally as well as externally by an external assessor.

8.4.3    MARKING OF EXAMINATION SCRIPTS

The marking guides for each course as moderated by the internal and external assessors are used in the marking of the scripts by the academic staff and Instructional Facilitators. Nonetheless, it should be noted that the automated TMAs and examinations are being conducted by the University currently for the 100 and 200 levels make it less cumbersome to have students scripts marked as this is usually done automatically and the result immediately stored for future retrieval and compilation. Moreover, the student’s grade can be easily accessed as soon as the examination is completed by the student. The 300 level and the upward levels are marked by the academic staff as pen on paper examinations. This will be applied to the programme as with all the other courses in the University.

8.5       LEARNER SUPPORT SERVICES

The programme will be serviced by a range of support services, one of which is the grading of the tutor marked assignments by tutorial facilitators. The assignments, which will be returned to the students with facilitators’ comments will serve as a means for feedback, and will enable students to assess and improve on their performance. This is especially the case with field work as the TMAs are now automated. Student Counselors are also available at the Study Centres to cater for the academic needs of learners.

9.0       RECOGNITION OF THE PROGRAMME

The programme has been prepared in line with NUC guidelines as well as international standards and is thus expected to enjoy quick approval from the University Senate as well as subsequent NUC accreditation once it takes off fully.

10.0     PROPOSED STARTING DATE AND PRESENTATION SCHEDULE

The programme is expected to take off by 2015 after it has passed through all the necessary standardization process and the course materials are substantially written.

11.0     TARGET STUDENTS

The B.A. Yoruba programme has been designed for persons who wish to upgrade their qualifications or upgrade their language skills to handle the demands of their current occupation or those who desire careers in creative writing or the academics. It is also expected to provide teachers of Yoruba language that will teach in secondary schools to fulfill the Nigerian governments desire to have teachers of Nigerian indigenous languages and thus preserve them.

12.0     STUDENT ENROLMENT AND PROJECTION

It is expected that the programme will get high enrolment figure as it is being requested for by many that wish to study Yoruba language but cannot afford the time to sit in a classroom but find the ODL mode most convenient.

13.0     CONCLUSION

In view of the decline in the need to avoid language death for our indigenous languages, Yoruba, like many other indigenous Nigerian languages, it needs to be given an opportunity to live on through presenting it to Nigerians in a very accessible manner. In addition, the ability to do independent logical reasoning is essential for intelligent decision making. A development of aesthetic ability through creative works is expected to arise from going through this programme. In this wise, career opportunities abound for graduates of the programme in a vast number of industries. The Yoruba language is an international language and thus has the potential of giving Nigeria a projection beyond her borders as it is being presently done through BBC Yoruba Service. The ability to reason creatively and independently is also expected to create in the students the ability to be solution providers in many areas of human endeavor.

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The Yoruba Language and Literature in the 21st Century and Beyond

Profile image of Azeez Akinwumi  SESAN

The pervasive poor reading culture, the phenomenon of indigenous language endangerment and the dominance of new media of modern telecommunication have had condemnable impact on the survival and continuity of Yoruba language and literature. Despite the significance of language and literature in cultural expression, the value attached to Yoruba Literature is waning in our contemporary society. This paper therefore poses the question: is there hope for Yoruba Literature in the 21st century and beyond? There is no homogeneous answer to the question owing to some variables such as language attitude to Yoruba; linguistic alienation of some children for not using Yoruba Language by some homes and the negative attitude of Yoruba natives to the use of the language in eco-linguistic spheres. The paper observes that there is “literary endangerment” of Yoruba Language and literary texts written in the language because of the incompetence of the contemporary Yoruba children and youth to speak and write in mutually intelligible Yoruba linguistic codes. This paper therefore posits that Yoruba language and literature should be a compulsory prerequisite for any further study and other opportunities, particularly for candidate from Yoruba extraction. Keywords: Oral literature; Yoruba language and literature; language endangerment; phonocentric tradition; logocentric tradition

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Language, verbal or non-verbal, is central to the survival of mankind because it is an important tool for communication, negotiation and the transfer or preservation of the literary as well as cultural heritage of a people from one generation to the other. The relationship between language, literature and culture is so strong to the extent that a change in one ultimately affects the other two. Every language is a directly mirrors the culture it serves-a language either enriches or impoverishes the culture it serves. Therefore, the influence of language on the culture and literature of a people has dire consequences for the sustenance or development of their indigenous education. Nigeria, like the rest of the world, has joined the terrace of globalization which has led to the import of foreign language(s), literatures and cultures into the indigenous way of life and system of education. Currently, increasing quest for the language, literature and culture of the developed countries of the world which are projected by globalization has denied the Nigerian child access to his/her indigenous system of education. Abstract-Language, verbal or non-verbal, is central to the survival of mankind because it is an important tool for communication, negotiation and the transfer or preservation of the literary as well as cultural heritage of a people from one generation to the other. The relationship between language, literature and culture is so strong to the extent that a change in one ultimately affects the other two. Every language is a directly mirrors the culture it serves-a language either enriches or impoverishes the culture it serves. Therefore, the influence of language on the culture and literature of a people has dire consequences for the sustenance or development of their indigenous education. Nigeria, like the rest of the world, has joined the terrace of globalization which has led to the import of foreign language(s), literatures and cultures into the indigenous way of life and system of education. Currently, increasing quest for the language, literature and culture of the developed countries of the world which are projected by globalization has denied the Nigerian child access to his/her indigenous system of education. A system of education which is rich in fables, taboos, folklores, and cultural rites/rituals is gradually being crushed under the weight and demand of globalization. This trend is common in Africa and it portends danger for the continued survival of the continent's indigenous language, literature and culture. This paper therefore posits that there is a need for Africans/Nigerians to preserve and promote what is left of their indigenous language, literature and culture through the use of an indigenous system of education. The paper concludes by recommending practical ways of making use of the indigenous system of education within formal school system. This is the only way that the people's indigenous way of life will survive the onslaught of globalization beyond the 21st century.

Global Journal of Human-Social Science

Language, verbal or non-verbal, is central to the survival of mankind because it is an important tool for communication, negotiation and the transfer or preservation of the literary as well as cultural heritage of a people from one generation to the other. The relationship between language, literature and culture is so strong to the extent that a change in one ultimately affects the other two. Every language is a directly mirrors the culture it serves - a language either enriches or impoverishes the culture it serves. Therefore, the influence of language on the culture and literature of a people has dire consequences for the sustenance or development of their indigenous education. Nigeria, like the rest of the world, has joined the terrace of globalization which has led to the import of foreign language(s), literatures and cultures into the indigenous way of life and system of education. Currently, increasing quest for the language, literature and culture of the developed countries ...

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This paper interrogates the influence of digital communication on the development of the Yorùbá. Yorùbá is one of the three national languages in Nigeria, along with Hausa and Igbo. The Yorùbá language has been observed mostly by the elites to be endangered, in spite of its exposure to rigorous formal use at all levels of education up to tertiary, broadcasting and publishing for literary and academic purposes. This study exposes the resources and contents of media and provides argument supported by data for empowerment and endangerment of Yorùbá language.

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The phenomenon of language death is real. The phrase ‘language death ’ may sound stark and unwelcome, but its grappling muscles on the throat of the Yoruba language have terrible, unannounced and unnoticed suffocating effects. Yoruba is one of the major languages in Nigeria. Does the language face the threat of total extinction in the next two or so decades? The answer is far beyond saying either yes or no. The paper discusses this issue with some illustrational analysis. The paper contends that the largeness of the percentage of the speakers of the language cannot thwart the supplantive moves of language endangerment. The paper then highlights some preventive measures for the Yoruba language to be able to overcome the danger of losing domains in today’s flow of globalisation.

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types of essay in yoruba language

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Semantic Shifts in Yoruba Language: The Case of Gbéra | By Moyosore Orimoloye

by Submissions Editor

January 18, 2017

184515412_5aa5cc2bd1_o

A lot of semantic changes in the English language have now stayed long enough for the original meanings of the words to slowly fade.

Semantic changes or shifts—the evolution of the usage of words—are in a way necessary for the evolution of a language to adapt to the linguistic necessities of simultaneously evolving cultures.

I beamed when I observed, while sitting on top of a motorbike in Ibadan, a semantic shift in full bloom in the Yoruba language. The word gbéra translates directly to “lift body.”  The word’s original use is in situations such as leaving to go somewhere else or traveling. The old usage does not have the sense of urgency that new usage(s) of the word has.

Atop that motorbike, on the road linking Bódijà and Secretariat, I was running late for an appointment and, in a move that was almost immediately regrettable, I told the bike-man, “Gbéra.”

The word sent adrenaline coursing down the rider’s vein. He stepped on the pedal. To the bike-rider “gbéra” had become a challenge or an accusation that he was being too timid, and so amidst loosely held-up cars and a blinding sun, he became dare-devil, speeding into road bumps and potholes while swerving dangerously.

I promised myself never to tell a bike-man gbéra again.

Two years later, two weeks ago, I was running late again, and I spat out the magic word. This bike-man reacted to it on a deeper level and sped in the opposite direction of traffic on a federal highway. I have since resolved never to use the word in such circumstances again.

Another new use of the word is in gambling circles, especially in the virtual dog racing subset. Gamblers glue their eyes to the screen after selecting their dog(s) and scream, “Gbéra!” at the virtual beings.

A typical example of this scream is “Ajá four, gbéra!” meaning: Dog Number Four, do not only lift your body, lift it more intensely than other dogs . The use here is in a competitive sense, which the original usage lacks. In popular culture, these virtual dogs have become a metaphor for fortunes, and when Small Doctor in his single titled “Gbéra,” featuring Reminisce, proclaims, “Ajá mi ti gbéra,” it is a metaphor for sudden success or a breakout (known in generally as “blowing”).

In the routine business of daily life, the word has come to have meanings ranging from doing things with greater speed and enthusiasm to having surges of confidence. The latter meaning is exemplified in a mob  goading their friend to go after a dame or a student motivating a fearful classmate before a crucial examination.

The word has in essence evolved from “to lift one’s body” to “to lift one’s soul or spirit.”

**************

Post image by  Melvin “Buddy” Baker  via Flickr.

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  • Moyosore Orimoloye
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COMMENTS ( 3 ) -

Adegboyega Shamsideen Thompson January 19, 2017 04:30

I have enjoyed your storyline on "'Gbéra'" in all its 'creative' system of writing. It also makes me wonder why in your effort to be 'creative' pointing to its "'sementics'" direction in the Yoruba language, you have minimized it to a couple of 'usages' by some Yoruba speakers. "'Gbéra'" fits your story and your 'story' fits it in the sense of a Yoruba with an English idea and mindset. Why? Can we communicate in English 'Yorubaically' (my coinage) no matter our level of the control of the English language in all our 'Igilarity'/'Englisharity' (my coinages, meaning "'Big/Bombastic use of words in the English language)? What is English to you--first, second, third, or what-have-you rank as a language? Why have you done such a 'disservice' to the use of "'Gbéra'" in the Yoruba language? You have limited its use to the arenas of motor parks and gambling cirlcles (dialogue with an "'Ọkādà'" motor cyclist and dog fight wagers). "Gbé'rā” (Gbé ārā) covers more grounds in the diction and parlance of Yoruba speakers. Its usage is, in most cases, effortlessly sacred and spiritual, in meaning and intention. It is a phrase that is used to reconcile us with our "ārā" (body) and "ẹmi" (breath/soul). I will give you some examples here, as follows: * Gbé'rā ("Lift your body;" not "'Lift body'" as you have indicated) * "Gbé'rā n'lẹ k'ō dìdē" is your well-wisher utterance, and/or a Bābāláwō's incantation to a sick person to rise up in good health from his/her sick "mat"... "Ēgbé," as in "'Ēgbé gbé mī dé'lé'" is a Yoruba spiritually loaded incantation, and therefore "magical" pronouncement for a "jenne" to aid oneself in disappearing to safety from a scene of accident/calamity. "Ārā kì nwúwó títí k'álárā má lè gbē" (One's big and heavy body density should not prevent oneself from carrying one's body to move around, and/or "dance")... If you have 'ordered' the respective "'Ọkādà'" motor-cylists to, in Yoruba, "'fò'" (fly) and/or "'Gbá'rā dì, tú'rāká, gbē n'lẹ,'" I can imagine them responding to your order to 'fly' away, with you on their motor-cycles like "'Dánfó'" transportation drivers. If they "'fly'" away, with or without your 'orders', like "'Dánfó'" drivers speed on our highways, would it make one wonder if they are 'crazy;' or not, as in another Yoruba saying, "'Ōnídánfó 'ò 'ṣíwèrè,' īgbó l'ó d'ōrí ẹ rú'" (A Dánfó driver is not 'crazy;' but Indian hemp ("'marijuana'") has roughened up/messed up his head)... You can see that all these phrases have one thing in common--very much akin to exchange of 'pleasantries',' and/or "'orders'"/"'commands'.'" Ó d'ìgbà kān ná ō.

Binogun Winifred January 18, 2017 08:59

Great read. Immediately I saw the title, a barage of Twitter memes came to mind.

EOD January 18, 2017 05:50

Really interesting read. Although I would call the fresh usages of the word instances of polysemous usage rather than semantic shift because, in each case, the root meaning remains, and unobscured.

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Essay on Yoruba Culture

Students are often asked to write an essay on Yoruba Culture in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Yoruba Culture

Introduction.

The Yoruba people are an ethnic group from West Africa, mostly Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. They have a rich culture, steeped in history, art, religion, and social customs.

Yoruba religion is a major aspect of their culture. It’s based on the worship of a variety of gods, known as Orishas, each with unique attributes and responsibilities.

Yoruba art is renowned globally. It includes sculptures, masks, and beadwork, often used in religious ceremonies. Art is a way to honor the gods and ancestors.

Social Customs

Yoruba society values respect and good behavior. Elders are revered, and greetings are important social customs.

In summary, Yoruba culture is diverse and vibrant, with deep roots in religion, art, and social customs. It continues to influence and enrich the global cultural landscape.

Also check:

  • 10 Lines on Yoruba Culture

250 Words Essay on Yoruba Culture

Introduction to yoruba culture.

The Yoruba people, predominantly found in Southwest Nigeria, Benin, and Togo, have a rich and vibrant culture that has significantly influenced art, religion, and societal norms in the African continent and beyond. Their culture is a complex blend of indigenous traditions and foreign influences.

Artistic Expressions

Yoruba art is renowned globally for its depth and diversity, with masks, sculptures, and textiles as key expressions. Often, these artistic creations serve more than aesthetic purposes; they also hold spiritual and symbolic significance. The Yoruba are also known for their intricate beadwork, used in clothing and royal regalia.

Religion and Spirituality

Yoruba spirituality, deeply woven into their daily lives, revolves around a pantheon of deities known as Orishas. Each Orisha represents a natural element or human endeavor. This traditional belief system has influenced many Afro-Caribbean religions like Santeria and Candomble.

Social Structure

The Yoruba social structure is hierarchical, with a clear distinction between elders and younger ones. Respect for elders is paramount. The society is also organized around large extended families known as ‘Ile’.

Language and Literature

The Yoruba language, a tonal Niger-Congo language, is rich in proverbs, folktales, and oral histories. These narratives provide moral lessons and preserve the community’s history and values.

In conclusion, Yoruba culture is a fascinating tapestry of art, religion, social norms, and language. Its global influence underscores its richness and resilience, and studying it provides invaluable insights into African cultural diversity.

500 Words Essay on Yoruba Culture

The Yoruba people, originating from Southwestern Nigeria and Benin, have a rich and vibrant culture that has significantly influenced the global community. With an estimated 44 million Yoruba people worldwide, their culture, which encompasses religion, art, music, language, and philosophy, has left an indelible mark on the world’s cultural landscape.

Religion and Philosophy

The Yoruba religion, a cornerstone of the culture, is a complex system of beliefs encompassing a pantheon of deities or ‘Orishas’. Each Orisha represents a natural element or human endeavor, and devotees often have personal deities they worship. The Yoruba religion is not exclusive and has influenced many Afro-American religions, such as Santeria, Candomble, and Vodou.

Yoruba philosophy, deeply intertwined with their religion, is centered around the concept of ‘Ase’, a life force that enables change. This philosophy influences their worldview, ethics, and social practices. It promotes a balance between the spiritual and physical worlds, emphasizing the importance of community and individual responsibility.

Art and Aesthetics

Yoruba art, renowned for its diversity and sophistication, primarily focuses on human figures and often serves religious purposes. Sculptures, masks, and textiles are used in rituals, ceremonies, and storytelling. The art is not just aesthetically pleasing but also functional, serving as a conduit for spiritual communication.

Music and Dance

Music and dance play a significant role in Yoruba culture, often used in religious ceremonies to honor the Orishas. The Yoruba have a rich musical tradition with a variety of instruments, including the talking drum, which mimics the tonality of the Yoruba language. The dances, often intricate and symbolic, express communal values and collective emotions.

The Yoruba language, a Niger-Congo language, is spoken by millions of people. It is tonal, with three basic tones that can change the meaning of words. The Yoruba have a rich oral literature tradition, including folktales, proverbs, and praise poetry, which are often used to teach moral lessons and preserve historical narratives.

The Yoruba culture, with its profound philosophy, intricate art, vibrant music, and rich language, offers a unique perspective on the human experience. Despite the pressures of modernization and globalization, the Yoruba people have managed to preserve their cultural heritage, ensuring that future generations can benefit from their wisdom and creativity. As the world becomes more interconnected, the influence of the Yoruba culture continues to grow, enriching the global cultural tapestry with its depth and diversity.

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The Yoruba of Nigeria

Peoples of africa • new york • published in 1965 • pages: 549-582, by: lloyd, peter cutt ..

Abstract This summary article on the Yoruba was written by a British social anthropologist especially for this volume. The author's descriptions are authentic and reliable, deriving as they do from a decade of primary field research among the Yoruba. Due to its recency and comprehensiveness, this document should be read as a general introduction prior to consulting other specific material in the Yoruba file. While the author's framework is structural-functional, his analytical statements on the change and continuity in sociopolitical forms do not detract from the excellence of the ethnographic survey. Much of the recent economic dominance and political power of the Yoruba derive from maintaining patterns of wide market commerce. Historical evidence points to phases of empire formation and collapse, to the stage where Yoruba society now consists of a set of independent hereditary kingdoms--with considerable structural variability among them. But the administrative hierarchy of all is on some form of territorial-kinship basis, with the king and his council ultimately controlling the political and economic operations of lesser regional or district chiefs--common geneology or religion legitimating the state. Unifying the Yoruba now, in view of much rapid sociopolitical and economic change, is a sense of national Yoruba identity in language, culture, and myth. Some distinctive features of the society which the author stresses are: the extreme degree of traditional nonindustrial urbanization (possibly on a city-state pattern) and an urban settlement pattern combining both aristocratic noble elite and agrarian lower class peasantry; the anomalous economic and social status of women in their roles within the family and in the market; and the stabilizing of conflicts within the power structure, and principles of royal succession.

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    African literature - Yoruba, Oral Tradition, Prose: In a story from the Yoruba oral tradition, a boy moves farther and farther away from home. With the assistance of a fantasy character, a fox, the boy is able to meet the challenges set by ominous oba (kings) in three kingdoms, each a greater distance from the boy's home. The fox becomes the storyteller's means of revealing the developing ...

  13. Yoruba Studies Review

    The journal will also publish critical review essays, book reviews, and scholarly debates on topical issues. The Yoruba Studies Review will publish research and review manuscripts in the five languages that are primarily used in the Yorùbá world—English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Yorùbá. Where possible, abstracts of papers will be ...

  14. The Yoruba Language and Literature in the 21st Century and Beyond

    Temitope A BALOGUN This paper examines the low-usage of Yoruba language among some selected secondary school students in Yorubaland. The paper uses questionnaire with cloze test to measure the knowledge of Yoruba language among respondents in three Yoruba speaking states in southwestern Nigeria.

  15. PDF YORÙBÁ

    The test will be of an objective type, candidates will answer forty (40) multiple-choice questions covering all aspects of the syllabus: 1. LANGUAGE: (a) Comprehension (1 prose and 1 verse) 08 items (b) Essay writing 01 item (c) Sound system 04 items (d) Grammar 05 items (e) Current orthography 02 items

  16. PDF An analysis of the Yoruba language with english

    The analysis of the Yoruba language with English pointed out the apparent features that. can be found in the phonetics, phonology, morphology and syntax of Yoruba. When you look at the sounds of the language, pertaining to the Phonetics, Yoruba. has some speech sounds that are unfamiliar to English.

  17. Yoruba language

    Varieties The Yoruba dialect continuum consists of several dialects. The various Yoruba dialects in Yorubaland, Nigeria can be classified into five major dialect areas: Northwest, Northeast, Central, Southwest, and Southeast. [10]

  18. Semantic Shifts in Yoruba Language: The Case of Gbéra

    I beamed when I observed, while sitting on top of a motorbike in Ibadan, a semantic shift in full bloom in the Yoruba language. The word gbéra translates directly to "lift body.". The word's original use is in situations such as leaving to go somewhere else or traveling. The old usage does not have the sense of urgency that new usage (s ...

  19. Essay on Yoruba Culture

    Conclusion In summary, Yoruba culture is diverse and vibrant, with deep roots in religion, art, and social customs. It continues to influence and enrich the global cultural landscape. Also check: 10 Lines on Yoruba Culture 250 Words Essay on Yoruba Culture Introduction to Yoruba Culture

  20. Yoruba Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines

    Yoruba's Influence on Modern-Day Cultures. PAGES 4 WORDS 1203. The Yoruba people were involved in the slave trade most often as captive slaves taken aboard ships bound toward North America (Smith, 1988). Author Ellis (2008) expands on this history of Yoruba involvement in the slave trade as he helps tell his account of the trade itself during ...

  21. The Yoruba Of Nigeria

    This summary article on the Yoruba was written by a British social anthropologist especially for this volume. The author's descriptions are authentic and reliable, deriving as they do from a decade of primary field research among the Yoruba. Due to its recency and comprehensiveness, this document should be read as a general introduction prior to consulting other specific material in the Yoruba ...

  22. Essay About Yoruba People

    789 Words4 Pages Introduction: Within Nigeria, there are various types of ethnic groups, all speaking different languages with different culture. However, one of the largest ethnic groups of Nigeria and even Africa, are the Yoruba people.