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Essay on Smoking

500 words essay on  smoking.

One of the most common problems we are facing in today’s world which is killing people is smoking. A lot of people pick up this habit because of stress , personal issues and more. In fact, some even begin showing it off. When someone smokes a cigarette, they not only hurt themselves but everyone around them. It has many ill-effects on the human body which we will go through in the essay on smoking.

essay on smoking

Ill-Effects of Smoking

Tobacco can have a disastrous impact on our health. Nonetheless, people consume it daily for a long period of time till it’s too late. Nearly one billion people in the whole world smoke. It is a shocking figure as that 1 billion puts millions of people at risk along with themselves.

Cigarettes have a major impact on the lungs. Around a third of all cancer cases happen due to smoking. For instance, it can affect breathing and causes shortness of breath and coughing. Further, it also increases the risk of respiratory tract infection which ultimately reduces the quality of life.

In addition to these serious health consequences, smoking impacts the well-being of a person as well. It alters the sense of smell and taste. Further, it also reduces the ability to perform physical exercises.

It also hampers your physical appearances like giving yellow teeth and aged skin. You also get a greater risk of depression or anxiety . Smoking also affects our relationship with our family, friends and colleagues.

Most importantly, it is also an expensive habit. In other words, it entails heavy financial costs. Even though some people don’t have money to get by, they waste it on cigarettes because of their addiction.

How to Quit Smoking?

There are many ways through which one can quit smoking. The first one is preparing for the day when you will quit. It is not easy to quit a habit abruptly, so set a date to give yourself time to prepare mentally.

Further, you can also use NRTs for your nicotine dependence. They can reduce your craving and withdrawal symptoms. NRTs like skin patches, chewing gums, lozenges, nasal spray and inhalers can help greatly.

Moreover, you can also consider non-nicotine medications. They require a prescription so it is essential to talk to your doctor to get access to it. Most importantly, seek behavioural support. To tackle your dependence on nicotine, it is essential to get counselling services, self-materials or more to get through this phase.

One can also try alternative therapies if they want to try them. There is no harm in trying as long as you are determined to quit smoking. For instance, filters, smoking deterrents, e-cigarettes, acupuncture, cold laser therapy, yoga and more can work for some people.

Always remember that you cannot quit smoking instantly as it will be bad for you as well. Try cutting down on it and then slowly and steadily give it up altogether.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of the Essay on Smoking

Thus, if anyone is a slave to cigarettes, it is essential for them to understand that it is never too late to stop smoking. With the help and a good action plan, anyone can quit it for good. Moreover, the benefits will be evident within a few days of quitting.

FAQ of Essay on Smoking

Question 1: What are the effects of smoking?

Answer 1: Smoking has major effects like cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and more. It also increases the risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems with the immune system .

Question 2: Why should we avoid smoking?

Answer 2: We must avoid smoking as it can lengthen your life expectancy. Moreover, by not smoking, you decrease your risk of disease which includes lung cancer, throat cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, and more.

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Persuasive Essay Guide

Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Caleb S.

Persuasive Essay About Smoking - Making a Powerful Argument with Examples

Published on: Feb 22, 2023

Last updated on: Dec 7, 2023

Persuasive essay about smoking

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Are you wondering how to write your next persuasive essay about smoking?

Smoking has been one of the most controversial topics in our society for years. It is associated with many health risks and can be seen as a danger to both individuals and communities.

Writing an effective persuasive essay about smoking can help sway public opinion. It can also encourage people to make healthier choices and stop smoking. 

But where do you begin?

In this blog, we’ll provide some examples to get you started. So read on to get inspired!

On This Page On This Page -->

What You Need To Know About Persuasive Essay

A persuasive essay is a type of writing that aims to convince its readers to take a certain stance or action. It often uses logical arguments and evidence to back up its argument in order to persuade readers.

It also utilizes rhetorical techniques such as ethos, pathos, and logos to make the argument more convincing. In other words, persuasive essays use facts and evidence as well as emotion to make their points.

A persuasive essay about smoking would use these techniques to convince its readers about any point about smoking. Check out an example below:

Simple persuasive essay about smoking

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Persuasive Essay Examples About Smoking

Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world. It leads to adverse health effects, including lung cancer, heart disease, and damage to the respiratory tract. However, the number of people who smoke cigarettes has been on the rise globally.

A lot has been written on topics related to the effects of smoking. Reading essays about it can help you get an idea of what makes a good persuasive essay.

Here are some sample persuasive essays about smoking that you can use as inspiration for your own writing:

Persuasive speech on smoking outline

Persuasive essay about smoking should be banned

Persuasive essay about smoking pdf

Persuasive essay about smoking cannot relieve stress

Persuasive essay about smoking in public places

Speech about smoking is dangerous

Persuasive Essay About Smoking Introduction

Persuasive Essay About Stop Smoking

Short Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Stop Smoking Persuasive Speech

Check out some more persuasive essay examples on various other topics.

Argumentative Essay About Smoking Examples

An argumentative essay is a type of essay that uses facts and logical arguments to back up a point. It is similar to a persuasive essay but differs in that it utilizes more evidence than emotion.

If you’re looking to write an argumentative essay about smoking, here are some examples to get you started on the arguments of why you should not smoke.

Argumentative essay about smoking pdf

Argumentative essay about smoking in public places

Argumentative essay about smoking introduction

Check out the video below to find useful arguments against smoking:

Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay About Smoking

You have read some examples of persuasive and argumentative essays about smoking. Now here are some tips that will help you craft a powerful essay on this topic.

Choose a Specific Angle

Select a particular perspective on the issue that you can use to form your argument. When talking about smoking, you can focus on any aspect such as the health risks, economic costs, or environmental impact.

Think about how you want to approach the topic. For instance, you could write about why smoking should be banned. 

Check out the list of persuasive essay topics to help you while you are thinking of an angle to choose!

Research the Facts

Before writing your essay, make sure to research the facts about smoking. This will give you reliable information to use in your arguments and evidence for why people should avoid smoking.

You can find and use credible data and information from reputable sources such as government websites, health organizations, and scientific studies. 

For instance, you should gather facts about health issues and negative effects of tobacco if arguing against smoking. Moreover, you should use and cite sources carefully.

Paper Due? Why Suffer? That's our Job!

Make an Outline

The next step is to create an outline for your essay. This will help you organize your thoughts and make sure that all the points in your essay flow together logically.

Your outline should include the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. This will help ensure that your essay has a clear structure and argument.

Use Persuasive Language

When writing your essay, make sure to use persuasive language such as “it is necessary” or “people must be aware”. This will help you convey your message more effectively and emphasize the importance of your point.

Also, don’t forget to use rhetorical devices such as ethos, pathos, and logos to make your arguments more convincing. That is, you should incorporate emotion, personal experience, and logic into your arguments.

Introduce Opposing Arguments

Another important tip when writing a persuasive essay on smoking is to introduce opposing arguments. It will show that you are aware of the counterarguments and can provide evidence to refute them. This will help you strengthen your argument.

By doing this, your essay will come off as more balanced and objective, making it more convincing.

Finish Strong

Finally, make sure to finish your essay with a powerful conclusion. This will help you leave a lasting impression on your readers and reinforce the main points of your argument. You can end by summarizing the key points or giving some advice to the reader.

A powerful conclusion could either include food for thought or a call to action. So be sure to use persuasive language and make your conclusion strong.

To conclude,

By following these tips, you can write an effective and persuasive essay on smoking. Remember to research the facts, make an outline, and use persuasive language.

However, don't stress if you need expert help to write your essay! We're the best essay writing service for you!

Our persuasive essay writing service is fast, affordable, and trustworthy. 

Try it out today!

Caleb S. (Marketing, Literature)

Caleb S. has been providing writing services for over five years and has a Masters degree from Oxford University. He is an expert in his craft and takes great pride in helping students achieve their academic goals. Caleb is a dedicated professional who always puts his clients first.

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How To Write A Smoking Essay That Will Blow Your Classmates out of the Water

Writing a Smoking Essay. Complete Actionable Guide

A smoking essay might not be your first choice, but it is a common enough topic, whether it is assigned by a professor or left to your choice. Today we’ll take you through the paces of creating a compelling piece, share fresh ideas for writing teen smoking essays, and tackle the specifics of the essential parts of any paper, including an introduction and a conclusion.

Why Choose a Smoking Essay?

If you are free to select any topic, why would you open this can of worms? There are several compelling arguments in favor, such as:

  • A smoking essay can fit any type of writing assignment. You can craft an argumentative essay about smoking, a persuasive piece, or even a narration about someone’s struggle with quitting. It’s a rare case of a one-size-fits-all topic.
  • There is an endless number of  environmental essay topics ideas . From the reasons and history of smoking to health and economic impact, as well as psychological and physiological factors that make quitting so challenging.
  • A staggering number of reliable sources are available online. You won’t have to dig deep to find medical or economic research, there are thousands of papers published in peer-reviewed journals, ready and waiting for you to use them. 

Essential Considerations for Your Essay on Smoking

Whether you are writing a teenage smoking essay or a study of health-related issues, you need to stay objective and avoid including any judgment into your assignment. Even if you are firmly against smoking, do not let emotions direct your writing. You should also keep your language tolerant and free of offensive remarks or generalizations.

The rule of thumb is to keep your piece academic. It is an essay about smoking cigarettes you have to submit to your professor, not a blog post to share with friends.

How to Generate Endless Smoking Essay Topic Ideas

At first, it might seem that every theme has been covered by countless generations of your predecessors. However, there are ways to add a new spin to the dullest of topics. We’ll share a unique approach to generating new ideas and take the teenage smoking essay as an example. To make it fresh and exciting, you can:

  • Add a historic twist to your topic. For instance, research the teenage smoking statistics through the years and theorize the factors that influence the numbers.
  • Compare the data across the globe. You can select the best scale for your paper, comparing smoking rates in the neighboring cities, states, or countries.
  • Look at the question from an unexpected perspective. For instance, research how the adoption of social media influenced smoking or whether music preferences can be related to this habit.

The latter approach on our list will generate endless ideas for writing teen smoking essays. Select the one that fits your interests or is the easiest to research, depending on the time and effort you are willing to put into essay writing .

How To Write An Essay About Smoking Cigarettes

A smoking essay follows the same rules as an academic paper on any other topic. You start with an introduction, fill the body paragraphs with individual points, and wrap up using a conclusion. The filling of your “essay sandwich” will depend on the topic, but we can tell for sure what your opening and closing paragraphs should be like.

Smoking Essay Introduction

Whether you are working on an argumentative essay about smoking or a persuasive paper, your introduction is nothing but a vessel for a thesis statement. It is the core of your essay, and its absence is the first strike against you. Properly constructed thesis sums up your point of view on the economic research topics and lists the critical points you are about to highlight. If you allude to the opposing views in your thesis statement, the professor is sure to add extra points to your grade.

The first sentence is crucial for your essay, as it sets the tone and makes the first impression. Make it surprising, exciting, powerful with facts, statistics, or vivid images, and it will become a hook to lure the reader in deeper. 

Round up the introduction with a transition to your first body passage and the point it will make. Otherwise, your essay might seem disjointed and patchy. Alternatively, you can use the first couple of sentences of the body paragraph as a transition.

Smoking Essay Conclusion

Any argumentative and persuasive essay on smoking must include a short conclusion. In the final passage, return to your thesis statement and repeat it in other words, highlighting the points you have made throughout the body paragraphs. You can also add final thoughts or even a personal opinion at the end to round up your assignment.

Think of the conclusion as a mirror reflection of your introduction. Start with a transition from the last body paragraph, follow it with a retelling of your thesis statement, and complete the passage with a powerful parting thought that will stay with the reader. After all, everyone remembers the first and last points most vividly, and your opening and closing sentences are likely to have a significant influence on the final grade.

Bonus Tips on How to Write a Persuasive Essay About Smoking

With the most challenging parts of the smoking essay out of the way, here are a couple of parting tips to ensure your paper gets the highest grade possible:

  • Do not rely on samples you find online to guide your writing. You can never tell what grade a random essay about smoking cigarettes received. Unless you use winning submissions from essay competitions, you might copy faulty techniques and data into your paper and get a reduced grade.
  • Do not forget to include references after the conclusion and cite the sources throughout the paper. Otherwise, you might get accused of academic dishonesty and ruin your academic record. Ask your professor about the appropriate citation style if you are not sure whether you should use APA, MLA, or Chicago.
  • Do not submit your smoking essay without editing and proofreading first. The best thing you can do is leave the piece alone for a day or two and come back to it with fresh eyes and mind to check for redundancies, illogical argumentation, and irrelevant examples. Professional editing software, such as Grammarly, will help with most typos and glaring errors. Still, it is up to you to go through the paper a couple of times before submission to ensure it is as close to perfection as it can get.
  • Do not be shy about getting help with writing smoking essays if you are out of time. Professional writers can take over any step of the writing process, from generating ideas to the final round of proofreading. Contact our agents or skip straight to the order form if you need our help to complete this assignment.

We hope our advice and ideas for writing teen smoking essays help you get out of the slump and produce a flawless piece of writing worthy of an A. For extra assistance with choosing the topic, outlining, writing, and editing, reach out to our support managers .

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Essay on Negative Effects Of Smoking

Students are often asked to write an essay on Negative Effects Of Smoking in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Negative Effects Of Smoking

Introduction to smoking.

Smoking is a bad habit that harms our body. Many people smoke cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. Some people also chew tobacco. These things contain nicotine, a harmful chemical. It’s highly addictive, meaning once you start smoking, it’s very hard to stop.

Health Problems Caused by Smoking

Smoking can cause many health problems. It can lead to lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. It can also cause other types of cancer, like mouth and throat cancer. Smoking can make it hard to breathe and can cause chronic coughing.

Smoking and Secondhand Smoke

Not only does smoking hurt the smoker, but it also harms others around them. This is called secondhand smoke. It can cause the same health problems in non-smokers. Children exposed to secondhand smoke can get sick more often.

Smoking and Appearance

Smoking can also affect how you look. It can cause yellow teeth and bad breath. It can also cause your skin to age faster, leading to wrinkles. Smoking can even cause hair loss and turn your fingers yellow.

In conclusion, smoking is very harmful. It can cause many health problems and can even harm others around you. It’s best to avoid this bad habit. If you or someone you know smokes, try to quit. Your body will thank you.

250 Words Essay on Negative Effects Of Smoking

Introduction.

Smoking is a harmful habit that many people around the world have. It is bad for our health and the environment. This essay will talk about the negative effects of smoking.

Damages to Health

Smoking hurts our bodies in many ways. It is the main cause of lung cancer. This is a very serious disease that can lead to death. Other than lung cancer, smoking can also cause heart disease. This is because the smoke makes it harder for the heart to pump blood.

Problems for the Environment

Smoking is not just bad for our health, but also for our environment. Cigarette butts are often thrown on the ground, causing pollution. Also, the smoke from cigarettes adds to air pollution. This is bad for all living things, not just humans.

Effects on Others

Smoking is not only harmful to the person who smokes, but also to the people around them. This is called second-hand smoke. It can cause the same health problems as smoking does. This means that even if you do not smoke, you can still get sick from being around someone who does.

In conclusion, smoking is a harmful habit with many negative effects. It causes health problems, harms the environment, and can even make others sick. It is important to avoid smoking for a healthier and safer world.

500 Words Essay on Negative Effects Of Smoking

Smoking is a habit that many people pick up due to various reasons, such as stress, peer pressure, or even out of curiosity. Despite its popularity, smoking has many negative effects on our health and the environment. This essay will discuss these harmful effects in simple terms.

Effects on Personal Health

Firstly, let’s talk about how smoking harms our own health. When you smoke, you inhale many dangerous chemicals. These chemicals can harm nearly every organ in your body. The most commonly known health problem caused by smoking is lung cancer. But that’s not all. Smoking can also lead to other types of cancer, such as mouth cancer and throat cancer.

Apart from cancer, smoking can cause heart disease. The chemicals in smoke make it harder for your heart to work properly. This can lead to heart attacks. Smoking also harms your lungs, making it difficult to breathe. This can lead to diseases like bronchitis and emphysema.

Effects on Others’ Health

Smoking is not only harmful to the smoker but also to those around them. This is called secondhand smoke. When you smoke, the people around you also breathe in the harmful chemicals. This can lead to the same health problems that smokers face. Children are particularly at risk. They can suffer from problems like asthma, ear infections, and even sudden infant death syndrome.

Effects on the Environment

Smoking also hurts our environment. Cigarette butts, which are often thrown away carelessly, are a form of litter. They can take many years to break down and are harmful to wildlife. The smoke from cigarettes also adds to air pollution. This can harm the air we all breathe and contribute to climate change.

Effects on Personal Life

Lastly, smoking can affect your personal life. It can make your clothes and breath smell bad, which can affect your relationships with others. It can also be a costly habit. The money spent on cigarettes could be used for other things like education, hobbies, or saving for the future.

In conclusion, smoking has many negative effects. It harms our health, the health of those around us, our environment, and our personal lives. It’s important to understand these effects and to make healthy choices for ourselves and our communities. Remember, it’s never too late to quit smoking and start living a healthier life.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

  • Essay on Negative Effects Of Religion
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IELTS Writing Task 2 : Smoking

Topic: smoking.

Despite health warnings, a large number of people continue to smoke all over the world. Why should we be concerned about this? What solutions would you suggest?

Give reason for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write at least 250 words.

Model Answer 01

Smoking is an expensive habit which pollutes the environment and carries serious health risk, yet a third of the men in the world smoke. It is also a sad fact that one in five teenagers take up the habit when they are as young as 11. Of course, there is one interest group, the tobacco industry, which is more than happy with this situation, since its profits depend on our addiction to cigarettes.

These statistics are particularly depressing because the link between smoking and cancer, heart disease and other serious illnesses has been known for many years. We must also remember that apart from harming the individual, smoking represents a huge cost to society. The money we spend on treating smoking-related disease could be used for much better purposes, such as helping to feed the world’s poor or paying for medical research.

So why, despite all the evidence, do people still smoke? The obvious answer is that cigarettes are highly addictive, so that it can be extremely difficult to give up. Another answer is the power of peer pressure, especially amongst young people. In my view, the most important thing is to discourage people from starting to smoke, and we could do this be increasing the tax on tobacco and banning cigarette advertising. I also feel that people who want to quit should be given as much advice and support as possible.

In conclusion, I believe that we should do everything we can to reduce the number of smokers in society. However, it is not enough to provide information about health risks, we also need to use a variety of strategies to tackle the problem.

(275 words)

Model Answer 02

Nowadays, many people become smoke addicts. The reasons for smoking vary from being a “fashionable” habit to conforming to your friends. Sometimes, parents set a bad example to their own children and are unable to quit smoking themselves. But governments and non-governmental organisations should unite powers and help addicts smoke less.

Smoking increases the risk of cancer, damages the foetus of pregnant women, makes teeth become yellow and rises the risk of impotence among men. What is more, smoking is extremely dangerous and unhealthy for surrounding people who inevitably breathe the cigarette smoke. Children and teenagers are often curious. They witness their own parents or teachers smoke and want to try it for themselves. The image of a woman smoking a cigarette in movies which is represented as being attractive is stuck in many girls’ minds. Thus, adolescents expose themselves to all the risks smoking brings.

Increasing prices of cigarettes and cigars is the first step for a healthier generation. Less people will be able to afford keeping their bad habit. Moreover, governments should ban smoking in public places. Tighter control should be forced on tobacco retailers. It is not surprising that cigarettes are being sold to children without any scruples. Retailers chase higher profits and are ignorant about the age of their customers. I think, pregnant women should also be banned from buying cigarettes since their children suffer from the devastating effects of tobacco smoke and often become addicts when they grow up in the future. Smoking does not has to necessarily be made illegal as many people who are already addicted would be at a disadvantage, but smoking should be turned into a luxurious choice for those who have the money and lungs to afford it.

In conclusion, I strongly support the idea of tighter control over society which would lead to a drop into the number of avid smokers. Everyone should have the freedom to smoke as long as they do not harm those around them, especially their own children.

(360 words)

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Cause and effect writing sample: Students smoking

essay about smoking bac

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essay about smoking bac

Normal essay. It perfectly suits for all novice writers. It filled with good info and will help to promote your author technique and become better writer. If you are looking for more essay help cues look up at this page. Good luck writers!

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How to Write Papers about Smoking

Essay paper writing

Academic writing

essay about smoking bac

There is an opinion among the students that writing an essay is quite an easy task. So young people pay great attention to the design of a title page and bibliography, trying to meet the professor’s requirements, while the content of the paper does not always appear to be flawless. Getting a low mark, they definitely ask a question, “How to write an excellent negative effects of smoking cigarettes essay?” Don’t worry! You won’t get in the same situation because in this article prepared by our papers writing service, you can find out all the useful tips and interesting information to make your assignment worth the excellent mark!

To begin with, you have to recollect your English language lessons in high school. An essay is a presentation of your thoughts and ideas substantiated by one or several sources. So you need to think thoroughly how to formulate your vision of the issue to convey the message clearly and efficiently.

Approximate structural plan of an essay or research paper on smoking

The first question that may come to your mind is how to structure your paper. Actually, a research paper or an essay on smoking should have a strict structure. It includes:

  • Smoking essay introduction. Here, you give a brief description of your ideas as well as mention your goals and objectives. It is also necessary to indicate which sources your paper is based on. One more important point to consider here is a thesis statement on smoking, which your essay will be based on.
  • Main part. This is the biggest part of your paper, where it is necessary to present and elaborate on your arguments. The central part should not consist of a long continuous text, so it is necessary to add sub-headings into the chapters. It should also be remembered that a thesis about smoking set in the introductory part should be supported and build upon here.
  • Final part. This section should be consistent with the stated problem. If we are talking about a short essay about smoking, you should briefly restate the thesis and the main arguments, as well as leave the reader with something to think about. If you are writing a research paper, you need to present a general conclusion based on goals or questions raised in the introduction. What is common for most types of papers is that you need to rephrase the thesis about smoking that was made in the intro to remind the readers what the focus of your work was.
  • Bibliography. It is a list of literature used in the paper. It’s worth remembering that only scholarly sources should be used if you want your work to be credible. Questionable websites and even news will reduce the credibility of your paper, especially if it’s a research paper about smoking, not just an essay.

How is an anti-smoking essay assessed?

We all know that writing is a challenging and time-consuming process. Of course, the simplest way to cope with the paper is to download a sample essay about smoking cigarettes on the Web. However, you should not be surprised by a low mark for your assignment if you do so. Moreover, downloading a ready-made essay from any website, you will get a paper with a high plagiarism index.

So, the best way to cope with the assignment is to write an essay on your own. It is recommended to write a paper only after careful study of the problem and taking into account the current state of the tobacco campaign. Sure, you can find a sample of a cause and effect essay on smoking just to see how it is structured and how the author frames the argument. However, your final paper should not be based on any of the info you read there.

Next, you will find out key ideas that can be used in your research.

Smoking Essay 1

Content for a quit smoking essay

It is better to start a persuasive essay about smoking with statistical information. Mention that each smoker who consumes 20 cigarettes per day voluntarily shortens his or her life by five years. The mortality among smokers is approximately 50% higher than among non-smokers.

Sooner or later, keen smokers develop pathological changes in airways, heart, vessels, and gastrointestinal tract, which lead to serious illnesses. According to the report of the World Health Organization, smoking kills one million people each year.

Moreover, this habit is one of the leading causes of cancer in the United States. About 85% of lung cancer cases are results of tobacco consumption. You may use all these facts to come up with the topical effects of smoking thesis statement.

Fortunately, nowadays, there are more and more proponents of a healthy lifestyle. They bring health awareness, smartness, and sportiness into fashion. Moreover, many famous singers and actors also advocate healthy living, influencing the habits of their fans positively.

Dangers of smoking

Writing a smoking cause and effect essay, you can describe the psychology of tobacco addiction.  When a person first smokes a cigarette, he or she does not think about severe consequences. Being careless about their health, smokers consider themselves invulnerable, especially since the effects of smoking appear after a few years.

Most people tend to be optimistic. Being healthy, they usually believe that they will always feel good, and diseases are inherent to others. But, unfortunately, this opinion is not justified. The smoking effects essay should lead readers to the idea that it is worth taking preventive measures and abandoning bad habits because cigarettes seriously affect one’s health.

Scientists provide the following data: if tobacco tar is extracted from one thousand cigarettes, up to 2 milligrams of a strong carcinogenic substance will be found in it. This dose is sufficient to cause a malignant tumor in the body of a rat or rabbit. If we consider that some people smoke up to 40 cigarettes per day or even more, they need only 25 days to smoke 1000 cigarettes.

When do people start and quit smoking?

In most cases, people start smoking in high school or college. You may write informative smoking on college campuses essay describing psychological factors that push young people to start smoking.

A slight decrease in the number of smokers is observed after people reach the age of 25 years. A lot of men begin to limit the consumption of cigarettes when they reach 40-44 years. After 45, they may refuse to smoke at all. This happens with most women after 50.

Mention that it is not so difficult to quit a bad habit in your persuasive essay on smoking. Sports, traveling, and lack of contact with smokers will help to get rid of tobacco addiction, as well as cancer risk, chronic bronchitis, and other diseases.

Composition of tobacco smoke

When people inhale the smoke of a cigarette, the temperature on its tip reaches 60 degrees and more. In such thermal conditions, tobacco and paper smolder. About 200 harmful substances are formed, including carbon monoxide, soot, benzopyrene, formic, hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and acetylene. Smoking one cigarette is equivalent to staying on a busy highway for 36 hours. It is undoubtedly a shocking fact, which can be used as a hook for your   smoking persuasive essay.

There are a lot of ways you can elaborate on the hook. For example, you can introduce more factual information. It is well known that carbon monoxide influences the respiratory pigment of blood – hemoglobin. As a result, the respiration process is disordered. It is observed that, when a person smokes a pack of cigarettes, the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood increases to 7-10%. Thus, all the organs of smokers continuously suffer from the terrible lack of oxygen.

Passive smokers get only a quarter of a toxic dose from the smoke. However, it is already a sufficient reason to write smoking in public places essay. Unfortunately, many people just do not agree with the fact that their health, as well as a well-being of others, is gradually aggravating due to this habit. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness about the risks smoking poses not only to smokers, but also those who fall victims to the choice of the former. Writing a “Smoking should be banned in public places” essay is one the ways you can educate the public.

Smoking Essay 3

The effect of smoking on the human body

Nicotine reaches the brain after less than 10 seconds from the first inhalation. At first glance, it improves the transfer of nerve impulses. Eventually, the brain gets used to constant inflows of the drug, which facilitates its work to some extent. Then the body begins to demand the nicotine and does not want to work on its own. Otherwise, the anxiety, irritability, and nervousness will appear. “Stop smoking” persuasive essay should encourage the readers to avoid this insidious trap.

Respiratory organs are first to suffer from tobacco use. Passing through the respiratory tract, the smoke affects mucous membranes of the throat, as well as nasopharynx, bronchus trachea, and pulmonary alveolus. The constant irritation of a bronchial mucosa can trigger the development of bronchial asthma. Chronic inflammation of an upper respiratory tract and bronchitis accompanied by debilitating coughing are the destiny of all smokers. Moreover, there was established a direct link between smoking and lip, laryngeal, and trachea cancer.

Furthermore, in the past decade, scientists and practitioners were concerned by the detrimental effect of the tobacco smoke components on a cardiovascular system.

Numerous experiments have shown that the level of corticosteroids, adrenaline, and norepinephrine increases sharply after a person smokes a cigarette. These biologically active substances induce the cardiac muscle to work in a more rapid rhythm. The volume of the heart and the speed of myocardial contractions increase, and blood pressure rises.

It is observed that the heart of a smoker makes 12-15 thousand more beats a day than the heart of a non-smoker. Excessive constant loading leads to ‘wear and tear’ which may cause heart failure. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the myocardium does not get the amount of oxygen that is necessary for such intensive work.

All this contributes to the early development of coronary heart disease. It is fully justified that scientists and practitioners call smoking one of the first risk factors for myocardial infarction. It is confirmed by the statistics of developed countries that infarction at a relatively young age (40-50 years) almost exclusively happen with smokers. This is definitely worth mentioning in an argumentative essay about smoking.

The nicotine and other components of tobacco also affect the digestive system. Scientific research and clinical observations unequivocally testify that long-term smoking contributes to the occurrence of peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. Abdomen vessels are in a state of constant spasm if a person smokes a lot for a long time. Organs are poorly supplied with oxygen and nutrients, and secretion of gastric juice is aggravated, which results in gastritis or a peptic ulcer. A survey showed that for 69% of patients with a peptic ulcer, the development of the disease was a direct cause of smoking.

Furthermore, women of middle age could keep their teeth in much better condition if they avoid smoking at a young age. According to the results of the research, only 26% of non-smoking ladies aged 50+ needed dental prosthetics, unlike 48% of smokers.

In addition, smoking adversely affects human hearing organs. Even 20 cigarettes consumed per day lead to a weakening of the normal perception of a spoken language.

Finally, it’s a common fact that smoking harms the health of a pregnant woman. During pregnancy, the negative effects of tobacco manifest much faster and affect the embryo. It is proved that if a mother smoked before childbirth, the weight of a newborn is 150-200 grams less than the average.

Trisomy, which is the presence of an extra chromosome in a person’s genetic code, often leads to serious hereditary diseases. Scientists have been studying the causes of this phenomenon for a long time, and physicians from Columbia University discovered a direct link between smoking and trisomy in pregnant women. Statistical calculations showed that the risk of this deviation for female smokers is much higher than for non-smokers. This is a serious basis for writing a good “smoking should be banned” essay.

Smoking Essay 4

Teenager and cigarettes

Nowadays, many young girls and boys smoke cigarettes. It has been observed that most of them tried smoking for the first time at the age of 15. Quite often, it is connected with the behavior of adults, mostly parents. The example of a non-smoking father is much better than any prohibitions and explanations that should convince us of the uselessness and harm of smoking. Conversely, a child who is accustomed to seeing parents or relatives with a cigarette perceives smoking as something casual. Moreover, according to the erroneous ideas of teenagers, this bad habit is a sign of courage and independence to which they aspire due to their age.

Parents should know that the younger a child is, the more sensitive their organism is to tobacco. First of all, nicotine and other harmful elements disrupt the regular activity of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Not only actual smoking but also passive one contributes to sleep disturbance, irritability, and neuroses.

While a person is young and full of strength and energy, he/she usually does not think about future illnesses. It seems that health and youth are eternal. But unfortunately, it is not true.

Smoking Essay 5

Get rid of addiction

To quit smoking, a person must say goodbye to this bad habit once and for all. Otherwise, no medication will help.

It is relatively easy to give up tobacco to a smoker with a little experience as the nicotine addiction is not that serious. By the way, there are some useful and interesting means of reducing the craving for cigarettes, which you may mention in your paper.

In particular, it is recommended to rinse the mouth with a drinking soda solution (1 teaspoon per glass of water), oak bark infusion, or tannin. The process of quitting can also be alleviated by healthy diet, long walks, physical exercises, and respiratory gymnastics.

Those who decided to say goodbye to cigarettes after many years of smoking, especially in old age, or suffering from cardiovascular diseases, should resort to the help of an addiction medicine physician.

Moreover, health statistics have concluded that the vast majority of smokers are not strong-willed people. They surely understand that tobacco is harmful and agree that it is necessary to stop smoking, but do not take any actions.

To help such people, Swiss engineers have created a programmable cigarette case. During the first week, it may be opened once an hour, then every 1,5 hours, and eventually, once in 3-4 hours. What is more, it is possible to pull out only one cigarette. And when you try to get an extra cigarette, the mechanism breaks down without any possibility of further repair.

Italian researchers offered another tool – a gas lighter with liquid crystals and a logic block. Figures on display show the number of cigarettes smoked per day according to the set plan or beyond. The daily rhythm (the amount of time between smoking cigarettes) is also calculated. If this period is shorter than the programmed one, the inscription appears on display: “Do not hurry!”

The Japanese also offered a lighter for those who want to quit smoking. The built-in miniature device plays the first chords of a funeral march each time the accessory is used.

Finally, representatives of one American company nested a sound device in an ashtray. When users extinguish a cigarette, pressing it to the bottom, a strained cough with loud and gurgling sound is heard. Such devices really help people to reduce the number of consumed cigarettes. But of course, the main thing that allows one to quit smoking is willpower.

Now you know how to write an argumentative essay about the harm of smoking. We hope that your scientific work will be successful. Good luck!

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Persuasive Essay Writing

Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Cathy A.

Craft an Engaging Persuasive Essay About Smoking: Examples & Tips

Published on: Jan 25, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 29, 2024

Persuasive Essay About Smoking

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Are you stuck on your persuasive essay about smoking? If so, don’t worry – it doesn’t have to be an uphill battle. 

What if we told you that learning to craft a compelling argument to persuade your reader was just a piece of cake? 

In this blog post, we'll provide tips and examples on writing an engaging persuasive essay on the dangers of smoking…all without breaking a sweat! 

So grab a cup of coffee, get comfortable, and let's get started!

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Persuasive Essay-Defined 

A persuasive essay is a form of academic writing that presents an argument in favor of a particular position, opinion, or viewpoint. 

It is usually written to convince the audience to take a certain action or adopt a specific viewpoint. 

The primary purpose of this type of essay is to provide evidence and arguments that support the writer's opinion.

In persuasive writing, the writer will often use facts, logic, and emotion to convince the reader that their stance is correct. 

The writer can persuade the reader to consider or agree with their point of view by presenting a well-researched and logically structured argument. 

The goal of a persuasive essay is not to sway the reader's opinion. It is to rather inform and educate them on a particular topic or issue. 

Check this free downloadable example of a persuasive essay about smoking!

Simple Persuasive essay about smoking

Read our extensive guide on persuasive essays to learn more about crafting a masterpiece every time. 

Persuasive Essay Examples About Smoking 

Are you a student looking for some useful tips to write an effective persuasive essay about the dangers of smoking? 

Look no further! Here are several great examples of persuasive essays that masterfully tackle the subject and persuade readers creatively.

Persuasive speech on the smoking outline

Persuasive essay about smoking should be banned

Persuasive essay about smoking pdf

Persuasive essay about smoking cannot relieve stress

Persuasive essay about smoking in public places

Speech about smoking is dangerous

For more examples about persuasive essays, check out our blog on persuasive essay examples .

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Argumentative Essay About Smoking Examples

Our examples can help you find the points that work best for your style and argument. 

Argumentative essay about smoking introduction

Argumentative essay about smoking pdf

Argumentative essay about smoking in public places

10 Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay About Smoking 

Here are a few tips and tricks to make your persuasive essay about smoking stand out: 

1. Do Your Research

 Before you start writing, make sure to do thorough research on the topic of smoking and its effects. 

Look for primary and secondary sources that provide valuable information about the issue.

2. Create an Outline

An outline is essential when organizing your thoughts and ideas into a cohesive structure. This can help you organize your arguments and counterarguments.

Read our blog about creating a persuasive essay outline to master your next essay.

Check out this amazing video here!

3. Clearly Define the Issue

 Make sure your writing identifies the problem of smoking and why it should be stopped.

4. Highlight Consequences

 Show readers the possible negative impacts of smoking, like cancer, respiratory issues, and addiction.

5. Identity Solutions 

Provide viable solutions to the problem, such as cessation programs, cigarette alternatives, and lifestyle changes.

6. Be Research-Oriented  

Research facts about smoking and provide sources for those facts that can be used to support your argument.

7. Aim For the Emotions

Use powerful language and vivid imagery to draw readers in and make them feel like you do about smoking.

8. Use Personal Stories 

Share personal stories or anecdotes of people who have successfully quit smoking and those negatively impacted by it.

9. Include an Action Plan

Offer step-by-step instructions on how to quit smoking, and provide resources for assistance effectively.

10. Reference Experts 

Incorporate quotes and opinions from medical professionals, researchers, or other experts in the field.

These tips can help you write an effective persuasive essay about smoking and its negative effects on the body, mind, and society. 

When your next writing assignment has you feeling stuck, don't forget that essay examples about smoking are always available to break through writer's block.

And if you need help getting started, our expert essay writer at CollegeEssay.org is more than happy to assist. 

Just give us your details, and our persuasive essay writer will start working on crafting a masterpiece. 

We provide top-notch essay writing service online to help you get the grades you deserve and boost your career.

Try our AI writing tool today to save time and effort!

Frequently Asked Questions

What would be a good thesis statement for smoking.

A good thesis statement for smoking could be: "Smoking has serious health risks that outweigh any perceived benefits, and its use should be strongly discouraged."

What are good topics for persuasive essays?

Good topics for persuasive essays include the effects of smoking on health, the dangers of second-hand smoke, the economic implications of tobacco taxes, and ways to reduce teenage smoking. 

These topics can be explored differently to provide a unique and engaging argument.

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essay about smoking bac

229 Smoking Essay Topics & Examples

Looking for smoking essay topics? Being one of the most serious psychological and social issues, smoking is definitely worth writing about.

🏆 Best Smoking Essay Examples & Topic Ideas

🥇 good titles for smoking essay, 👍 best titles for research paper about smoking, ⭐ simple & easy health essay titles, 💡 interesting topics to write about health, ❓ essay questions about smoking.

In your essay about smoking, you might want to focus on its causes and effects or discuss why smoking is a dangerous habit. Other options are to talk about smoking prevention or to concentrate on the reasons why it is so difficult to stop smoking. Here we’ve gathered a range of catchy titles for research papers about smoking together with smoking essay examples. Get inspired with us!

Smoking is a well-known source of harm yet popular regardless, and so smoking essays should cover various aspects of the topic to identify the reasons behind the trend.

You will want to discuss the causes and effects of smoking and how they contributed to the persistent refusal of large parts of the population to abandon the habit, even if they are aware of the dangers of cigarettes. You should provide examples of how one may become addicted to tobacco and give the rationales for smokers.

You should also discuss the various consequences of cigarette use, such as lung cancer, and identify their relationship with the habit. By discussing both sides of the issue, you will be able to write an excellent essay.

Reasons why one may begin smoking, are among the most prominent smoking essay topics. It is not easy to begin to enjoy the habit, as the act of smoke inhalation can be difficult to control due to a lack of experience and unfamiliarity with the concept.

As such, people have to be convinced that the habit deserves consideration by various ideas or influences. The notion that “smoking is cool” among teenagers can contribute to the adoption of the trait, as can peer pressure.

If you can find polls and statistics on the primary factors that lead people to tweet, they will be helpful to your point. Factual data will identify the importance of each cause clearly, although you should be careful about bias.

The harmful effects of tobacco have been researched considerably more, with a large body of medical studies investigating the issue available to anyone.

Lung cancer is the foremost issue in the public mind because of the general worry associated with the condition and its often incurable nature, but smoking can lead to other severe illnesses.

Heart conditions remain a prominent consideration due to their lethal effects, and strokes or asthma deserve significant consideration, as well. Overall, smoking has few to no beneficial health effects but puts the user at risk of a variety of concerns.

As such, people should eventually quit once their health declines, but their refusal to do so deserves a separate investigation and can provide many interesting smoking essay titles.

One of the most prominent reasons why a person would continue smoking despite all the evidence of its dangers and the informational campaigns carried out to inform consumers is nicotine addiction.

The substance is capable of causing dependency, a trait that has led to numerous discussions of the lawfulness of the current state of cigarettes.

It is also among the most dangerous aspects of smoking, a fact you should mention.

Lastly, you can discuss the topics of alternatives to smoking in your smoking essay bodies, such as e-cigarettes, hookahs, and vapes, all of which still contain nicotine and can, therefore, lead to considerable harm. You may also want to discuss safe cigarette avoidance options and their issues.

Here are some additional tips for your essay:

  • Dependency is not the sole factor in cigarette consumption, and many make the choice that you should respect consciously.
  • Cite the latest medical research titles, as some past claims have been debunked and are no longer valid.
  • Mortality is not the sole indicator of the issues associated with smoking, and you should take chronic conditions into consideration.

Find smoking essay samples and other useful paper samples on IvyPanda, where we have a collection of professionally written materials!

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  • Adverse Aspects of Smoking Any form of smoking has proofed to be the major cause of health damage of the most productive people in the world.
  • Wayco Company’s Non-smoking Policy The policy should not go beyond the work place because this would be tantamount to infringing on the privacy of the employees when this does not in any way affect their work performance.
  • Effectiveness of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation It is important to answer the question about the effectiveness of the CBT for smoking cessation with references to the racial and ethnic differences influencing the effectiveness of the CBT and to the comparison of […]
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  • Ethical Problem of Smoking Since the job is urgent and therefore needed in a few days time, I would request her to work on the job with the promise that I will communicate her complaints to Frank and Alice […]
  • The Realm of reality: Smoking In a nutshell, it can be argued that the definition of a man or a woman is different and not the same as in earlier days.
  • Exposure to mass media proliferate smoking The chronological array of events in the study with actual days of research and findings, prints out reality and easily enable the readers to connect the subjects of the study with the actual events that […]
  • Medical Coverage for Smoking Related Diseases However, one of the most oblivious reasons is that it is a deterrent to this behavior, which is harmful to the life of the smoker.
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  • Combating Smoking: Taxation Policies vs. Education Policies This is a considerable provision in the realms of health; hence, the efforts created by the government to curb this trend should be supported fully. In this regard, there is need to reduce the mentioned […]
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  • The Program on Smoking Cessation for Employees Due to the fact that the main purpose of the program on smoking cessation consisted in improving healthy lifestyles of their employees, the focus on cost reduction and insurance seems to be irrelevant.
  • Psychosocial Smoking Rehabilitation According to Getsios and Marton most of the economic models that evaluate the effects of smoke quitting rehabilitation consider the influence of a single quit attempt.
  • The Change of my Smoking Behavior With the above understanding of my social class and peer friends, I was able to create a plan to avoid them in the instances that they were smoking.
  • Electronic Cigarettes: Could They Help University Students Give Smoking Up? Electronic Cigarettes An electronic cigarette is an electronic device that simulates the act of smoking by producing a mist which gives the physical sensation and often the flavor and the nicotine just as the analog […]
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  • Ban of Tobacco Smoking in Jamaica The first part of the paper will address effects of tobacco smoking on personal health and the economy. Cognizant of its international obligation and the aforementioned health effects of tobacco smoke, Jamaica enacted a law […]
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  • Cigarette Smoking in Public Places Those who argue against the idea of banning the smoking are of the opinion that some of them opt to smoke due to the stress that they acquire at their work places.
  • Importance of Quitting Smoking As such, quitting smoking is important since it helps relief the worry and the fear associated with possibility of developing cancer among other smoking-related illnesses. It is therefore important to quit smoking if the problems […]
  • People Should Quit Smoking Other counseling strategies such as telephone calls and social support also serves the ultimate goal of providing a modern approach in which counseling can be tailored to suit the counseling needs of an individual smoker. […]
  • Understanding Advertising: Second-Hand Smoking The image of the boy caught by the smoke is in the center of the picture, and it is in contrast with the deep black background.
  • Smoking Cessation Methods These methods are a part of NRT or nicotine replacement therapy, they work according to the principle of providing the smoker with small portions of nicotine to minimize the addiction gradually and at the same […]
  • Suppressing Smoking Behavior and Its Effects The researchers observed that during the first and the second weeks of the suppressed behavior, the participants successfully managed to reduce their intake of cigarettes.
  • Effects of Thought Suppression on Smoking Behavior In the article under analysis called I suppress, Therefore I smoke: Effects of Thought Suppression on Smoking Behavior, the authors dedicate their study to the evaluation of human behavior as well as the influence of […]
  • Quitting Smoking: Strategies and Consequences Thus, for the world to realize a common positive improvement in population health, people must know the consequences of smoking not only for the smoker but also the society. The first step towards quitting smoking […]
  • Behavior Modification Technique: Smoking Cessation Some of its advantages include: its mode of application is in a way similar to the act of smoking and it has very few side effects.
  • Mobile Applications to Quit Smoking A critical insight that can be gleaned from the said report is that one of the major factors linked to failure is the fact that smokers were unable to quit the habit on their own […]
  • Smokers’ Campaign: Finding a Home for Ciggy Butts When carrying out the campaign, it is important to know what the situation on the ground is to be able to address the root cause of the problem facing the population.
  • Redwood Associates Company’s Smoking Ethical Issues Although employees are expected to know what morally they are supposed to undertake at their work place, it is the responsibility of the management and generally the Redwood’s hiring authority to give direction to its […]
  • Status of Smoking around the World Economic factors and level of education have contributed a lot to the shift of balance in the status of smoking in the world.
  • Smoking Ban and UK’s Beer Industry However, there is an intricate type of relationship between the UK beer sector, the smoking ban, and the authorities that one can only understand by going through the study in detail The history of smoking […]
  • Smoking Habit, Its Causes and Effects Smoking is one of the factors that are considered the leading causes of several health problems in the current society. Smoking is a habit that may be easy to start, but getting out of this […]
  • Tuberculosis Statistics Among Cigarette Smokers The proposal outlines the statistical applications of one-way ANOVA, the study participants, the variables, study methods, expected results and biases, and the practical significance of the expected results.
  • Cigarette Smoking and Parkinson’s Disease Risk Therefore, given the knowledge that cigarette smoking protects against the disease, it is necessary to determine the validity of these observations by finding the precise relationship between nicotine and PD.
  • Virginia Slims’ Impact on Female Smokers’ Number Considering this, through the investigation of Philip Morris’ mission which it pursued during the launch of the Virginia Slims campaign in 1968-1970 and the main regulatory actions undertaken by the Congress during this period, the […]
  • Tobacco Smoking and Its Dangers Sufficient evidence also indicates that smoking is correlated with alcohol use and that it is capable of affecting one’s mental state to the point of heightening the risks of development of disorders.
  • Philip Morris Company’s Smoking Prevention Activity Philip Morris admits the existence of scientific proof that smoking leads to lung cancer in addition to other severe illnesses even after years of disputing such findings from health professionals.
  • Smoking Cessation and Patient Education in Nursing Pack-years are the concept that is used to determine the health risks of a smoking patient. The most important step in the management plan is to determine a date when the man should quit smoking.
  • The Smoking Ban: Arguments Comparison The first argument against banning smoking employs the idea that smoking in specially designated areas cannot do harm to the health of non-smokers as the latter are supposed to avoid these areas.
  • Ban Smoking Near the Child: Issues of Morality The decision to ban smoking near the child on father’s request is one of the demonstrative examples. The father’s appeal to the Supreme Court of California with the requirement to prohibit his ex-wife from smoking […]
  • Smoking Bans: Preventive Measures There have been several public smoking bans that have proved to be promising since the issue of smoking prohibits smoking in all public places. This means it is a way of reducing the exposure to […]
  • Smoking Cessation in Patients With COPD The strategy of assessing these papers to determine their usefulness in EBP should include these characteristics, the overall quality of the findings, and their applicability in a particular situation. The following article is a study […]
  • South Illinois University’s Smoking Ban Benefits The purpose of this letter is to assess the possible benefits of the plan and provide an analysis of the costs and consequences of the smoking ban introduction.
  • Smoking Experience and Hidden Dangers When my best college friend Jane started smoking, my eyes opened on the complex nature of the problem and on the multiple negative effects of smoking both on the smoker and on the surrounding society.
  • Smoking Among Teenagers as Highlighted in Articles The use of tobacco through smoking is a trend among adolescents and teenagers with the number of young people who involve themselves in smoking is growing each day.
  • Vancouver Coastal Health Smoking Cessation Program The present paper provides an evaluation of the Vancouver Coastal Health smoking cessation program from the viewpoint of the social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior.
  • Social Marketing: The Truth Anti-Smoking Campaign The agreement of November 1998 between 46 states, five territories of the United States, the District of Columbia, and representatives of the tobacco industry gave start to the introduction of the Truth campaign.
  • Smoking Epidemiology Among High School Students In this way, with the help of a cross-sectional study, professionals can minimalize the risk of students being afraid to reveal the fact that they smoke. In this way, the number of students who smoke […]
  • Stopping Tobacco Smoking: Lifestyle Management Plan In addition, to set objective goals, I have learned that undertaking my plan with reference to the modifying behaviour is essential for the achievement of the intended goals. The main intention of the plan is […]
  • Hypnotherapy Session for Smoking Cessation When I reached the age of sixty, I realized that I no longer wanted to be a smoker who was unable to take control of one’s lifestyle.
  • Indoor Smoking Restriction Effects at the Workplace Regrettably, they have neglected research on the effect of the legislation on the employees and employers. In this research, the target population will be the employees and employers of various companies.
  • Teenagers Motivated to Smoking While the rest of the factors also matter much in the process of shaping the habit of smoking, it is the necessity to mimic the company members, the leader, or any other authority that defines […]
  • Alcohol and Smoking Impact on Cancer Risk The research question is to determine the quantity of the impact that different levels of alcohol ingestion combined with smoking behavioral patterns make on men and women in terms of the risks of cancer.
  • Tobacco Debates in “Thank You for Smoking” The advantage of Nick’s strategy is that it offers the consumer a role model to follow: if smoking is considered to be ‘cool’, more people, especially young ones, will try to become ‘cool’ using cigarettes.
  • Microeconomics: Cigarette Taxes and Public Smoking Ban The problem of passive smoking will be minimized when the number of smokers decreases. It is agreeable that the meager incomes of such families will be used to purchase cigarettes.
  • Smoking Should Be Banned Internationally The questions refer to the knowledge concerning the consequences of smoking and the opinions on smoking bans. 80 % of respondents agree that smoking is among the leading causes of death and 63, 3 % […]
  • Smoking in the US: Statistics and Healthcare Costs According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death in the US.
  • Public Health and Smoking Prevention Smoking among adults over 18 years old is a public health issue that requires intervention due to statistical evidence of its effects over the past decades.
  • Clinical Effects of Cigarette Smoking Smoking is a practice that should be avoided or controlled rigorously since it is a risk factor for diseases such as cancer, affects the health outcomes of direct and passive cigarette users, children, and pregnant […]
  • Smoking Bans: Protecting the Public and the Children of Smokers The purpose of the article is to show why smoking bans aim at protecting the public and the children of smokers.
  • Female Smokers Study: Inferential Statistics Article The article “Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking Urge between Physically Active and Sedentary Female Smokers” deepens the behavioral mechanisms that correlate urge to smoke, body image, and physical activity among […]
  • Legislation Reform of Public Smoking Therefore, the benefit of the bill is that the health hazard will be decreased using banning smoking in public parks and beaches.
  • Advanced Pharmacology: Birth Control for Smokers The rationale for IUD is the possibility to control birth without the partner’s participation and the necessity to visit a doctor just once for the device to be implanted.
  • Environmental Health: Tabaco Smoking and an Increased Concentration of Carbon Monoxide The small size of the town, which is around 225000 people, is one of the reasons for high statistics in diseases of heart rate.
  • New Jersey Legislation on Smoking The advantages and disadvantages of the legislation were discussed in this case because of the complexity of the topic at hand as well as the potential effects of the solution on the sphere of public […]
  • Smoking and Youth Culture in Germany The report also assailed the Federal Government for siding the interest of the cigarette industry instead of the health of the citizens.
  • The Importance of Nurses in Smoking-Cessation Programs When a patient is admitted to the hospital, the nursing staff has the best opportunity to assist them in quitting in part because of the inability to smoke in the hospital combined with the educational […]
  • Smoking in Adolescents: A New Threat to the Society Of the newer concerns about the risks of smoking and the increase in its prevalence, the most disturbing is the increase in the incidences of smoking among the adolescents around the world.
  • Health Effects of Tobacco Smoking in Hispanic Men The Health Effects of Tobacco Smoking can be attributed to active tobacco smoking rather than inhalation of tobacco smoke from environment and passive smoking.
  • Quitting Smoking: Motivation and Brain As these are some of the observed motivations for smoking, quitting smoking is actually very easy in the sense that you just have to set your mind on quitting smoking.
  • Cigar Smoking and Relation to Disease The article “Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer in Men” by Iribarren et al.is a longitudinal study of cigar smokers and the impact of cigar […]
  • Causes and Effects of Smoking in Public The research has further indicated that the carcinogens are in higher concentrations in the second hand smoke rather than in the mainstream smoke which makes it more harmful for people to smoke publicly.
  • Partnership in Working About Smoking and Tobacco Use The study related to smoking and tobacco use, which is one of the problematic areas in terms of the health of the population.
  • “Passive Smoking Greater Health Hazard: Nimhans” by Stephen David The article focuses on analyzing the findings of the study and compares them to the reactions to the ban on public smoking.
  • Media Effects on Teen Smoking But that is not how an adult human brain works, let alone the young and impressionable minds of teenagers, usually the ads targeted at the youth always play upon elements that are familiar and appealing […]
  • Factors Affecting the Success in Quitting Smoking of Smokers in West Perth, WA Australia Causing a wide array of diseases, health smoking is the second cause of death in the world. In Australia, the problem of smoking is extremely burning due to the high rates of diseases and deaths […]
  • Motivational Interviewing as a Smoking Cessation Intervention for Patients with Cancer The dependent variable is the cessation of smoking in 3 months of the interventions. The study is based on the author’s belief that cessation of smoking influences cancer-treated patients by improving the efficacy of treatment.
  • Smoking Qualitative Research: Critical Analysis Qualitative research allows researchers to explore a wide array of dimensions of the social world, including the texture and weave of everyday life, the understandings, experiences and imaginings of our research participants, the way that […]
  • Summary of “Smokers Get a Raw Deal” by Stanley Scott Lafayette explains that people who make laws and influence other people to exercise these laws are obviously at the top of the ladder and should be able to understand the difference between the harm sugar […]
  • Smoking Cessation for Ages 15-30 The Encyclopedia of Surgery defines the term “Smoking Cessation” as an effort to “quit smoking” or “withdrawal from smoking”. I aim to discuss the importance of the issue by highlighting the most recent statistics as […]
  • Marketing a Smoking Cessation Program In the case of the smoking cessation program, the target group is made up of smokers who can be further subdivided into segments such as heavy, medium, and light smokers.
  • Post Smoking Cessation Weight Gain The aim of this paper is to present, in brief, the correlation between smoking cessation and weigh gain from biological and psychological viewpoints.
  • Smoking and Its Effects on Human Body The investigators explain the effects of smoking on the breath as follows: the rapid pulse rate of smokers decreases the stroke volume during rest since the venous return is not affected and the ventricles lose […]
  • Teenage Smoking and Solution to This Problem Overall, the attempts made by anti-smoking campaigners hardly yield any results, because they mostly focus on harmfulness of tobacco smoking and the publics’ awareness of the problem, itself, but they do not eradicate the underlying […]
  • Smoking Causes and Plausible Arguments In writing on the cause and effect of smoking we will examine the issue from the point of view of temporal precedence, covariation of the cause and effect and the explanations in regard to no […]
  • Smoking and its Effect on the Brain Since the output of the brain is behavior and thoughts, dysfunction of the brain may result in highly complex behavioral symptoms. The work of neurons is to transmit information and coordinate messengers in the brain […]
  • Smoking Behavior Under Clinical Observation The physiological aspect that influences smokers and is perceived as the immediate effect of smoking can be summarized as follows: Within ten seconds of the first inhalation, nicotine, a potent alkaloid, passes into the bloodstream, […]
  • Smoking: Causes and Effects Considering the peculiarities of a habit and of a disease, smoking can be considered as a habit rather than a disease.
  • Ban Smoking in Cars Out of this need, several regulations have been put in place to ensure children’s safety in vehicles is guaranteed; thus, protection from second-hand smoke is an obvious measure that is directed towards the overall safety […]
  • Tobacco Smoking: Bootleggers and Baptists Legislation or Regulation The issue is based on the fact that tobacco smoking also reduces the quality of life and ruins the body in numerous ways.
  • The Smoking Problem: Mortality, Control, and Prevention The article presents smoking as one of the central problems for many countries throughout the world; the most shocking are the figures related to smoking rate among students. Summary: The article is dedicated to the […]
  • Smoking During Pregnancy Issues Three things to be learned from the research are the impact of smoking on a woman, possible dangers and complications and the importance of smoking cessation interventions.
  • Smoking Prohibition: Local Issues, Personal Views This is due to the weakening of blood vessels in the penis. For example, death rate due to smoking is higher in Kentucky than in other parts of the country.
  • Alcohol and Smoking Abuse: Negative Physical and Mental Effects The following is a range of effects of heavy alcohol intake as shown by Lacoste, they include: Neuropsychiatric or neurological impairment, cardiovascular, disease, liver disease, and neoplasm that is malevolent.
  • How Smoking Cigarettes Effects Your Health Cigarette smoking largely aggravates the condition of the heart and the lung. In addition, the presence of nicotine makes the blood to be sticky and thick leading to damage to the lining of the blood […]
  • Ban on Smoking in Enclosed Public Places in Scotland The theory of externality explains the benefit or cost incurred by a third party who was not a party to the reasoning behind the benefit or cost. This will also lead to offer of a […]
  • The Cultural Differences of the Tobacco Smoking The Middle East culture is connected to the hookah, the Native American cultures use pipes, and the Canadian culture is linked to cigarettes.
  • Dangers of Smoking While Pregnant In this respect, T-test results show that mean birthweight of baby of the non-smoking mother is 3647 grams, while the birthweight of smoking mother is 3373 grams. Results show that gestation value and smoking habit […]
  • “The Smoking Plant” Project: Artist Statement It is the case when the art is used to pass the important message to the observer. The live cigarette may symbolize the smokers while the plant is used to denote those who do not […]
  • “Cigarette Smoking: An Overview” by Ellen Bailey and Nancy Sprague The authors of the article mentioned above have presented a fair argument about the effects of cigarette smoking and debate on banning the production and use of tobacco in America.
  • Self-Efficacy and Smoking Urges in Homeless Individuals Pinsker et al.point out that the levels of self-efficacy and the severity of smoking urges change significantly during the smoking cessation treatment.
  • Drinking, Smoking, and Violence in Queer Community Consequently, the inequality and discrimination against LGBTQ + students in high school harm their mental, emotional, and physical health due to the high level of stress and abuse of various substances that it causes.
  • Legalizing Electronic Vaping as the Means of Curbing the Rates of Smoking However, due to significantly less harmful effects that vaping produces on health and physical development, I can be considered a legitimate solution to reducing the levels of smoking, which is why it needs to be […]
  • Smoking Cessation for Patients With Cardio Disorders It highlights the key role of nurses in the success of such programs and the importance of their awareness and initiative in determining prognosis.
  • Enforcement of Michigan’s Non-Smoking Law This paper is aimed at identifying a plan and strategy for the enforcement of the Michigan non-smoking law that has recently been signed by the governor of this state.
  • Preterm Birth and Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy The major finding of the discussed research is that both preterm birth and maternal smoking during pregnancy contribute, although independently, to the aortic narrowing of adolescents.
  • Smoking Cessation Program Evaluation in Dubai The most important program of this campaign is the Quit and Win campaign, which is a unique idea, launched by the DHCC and is in the form of an open contest.
  • Long-Term Effects of Smoking The difference between passive smoking and active smoking lies in the fact that, the former involves the exposure of people to environmental tobacco smoke while the latter involves people who smoke directly.
  • Cigarette Smoking Side Effects Nicotine is a highly venomous and addictive substance absorbed through the mucous membrane in the mouth as well as alveoli in the lungs.
  • Smoking Differentials Across Social Classes The author inferred her affirmations from the participant’s words and therefore came to the right conclusion; that low income workers had the least justification for smoking and therefore took on a passive approach to their […]
  • Health Campaign: Smoking in the USA and How to Reduce It That is why, the government is oriented to complete such objectives associated with the tobacco use within the nation as the reduction of tobacco use by adults and adolescents, reduction of initiation of tobacco use […]
  • Healthy People Program: Smoking Issue in Wisconsin That is why to respond to the program’s effective realization, it is important to discuss the particular features of the target population in the definite community of Wisconsin; to focus on the community-based response to […]
  • Public Health Education: Anti-smoking Project The workshop initiative aimed to achieve the following objectives: To assess the issues related to smoking and tobacco use. To enhance the health advantages of clean air spaces.
  • Risks of Smoking Cigarettes Among Preteens Despite the good news that the number of preteen smokers has been significantly reducing since the 1990s, there is still much to be done as the effects of smoking are increasingly building an unhealthy population […]
  • Smoking Among the Youth Population Between 12-25 Years I will use the theory to strengthen the group’s beliefs and ideas about smoking. I will inform the group about the relationship between smoking and human health.
  • Marketing Plan: Creating a Smoking Cessation Program for Newton Healthcare Center The fourth objective is to integrate a smoking cessation program that covers the diagnosis of smoking, counseling of smokers, and patient care system to help the smokers quit their smoking habits. The comprehensive healthcare needs […]
  • Smoking and Cancer in the United States In this research study, data on tobacco smoking and cancer prevalence in the United States was used to determine whether cancer in the United States is related to tobacco smoking tobacco.
  • Nursing Interventions for Smoking Cessation For instance, the authors are able to recognize the need to classify the level of intensity in respect to the intervention that is employed by nurses towards smoking cessation.
  • Maternal Mental Health and Prenatal Smoking It was important to determine the variables that may lead to postpartum relapse or a relapse during the period of pregnancy. It is important to note that the findings are also consistent with the popular […]
  • Health Promotion and Smoking Cessation I will also complete a wide range of activities in an attempt to support the agency’s goals. As well, new studies will be conducted in order to support the proposed programs.
  • Smoking and Lung Cancer Among African Americans Primarily, the research paper provides insight on the significance of the issue to the African Americans and the community health nurses.
  • Pulmonology: Emphysema Caused by Smoking The further development of emphysema in CH can lead to such complications caused by described pathological processes as pneumothorax that is associated with the air surrounding the lungs.
  • “50-Year Trends in Smoking-Related Mortality in the United States” by Thun et al. Thun is affiliated with the American Cancer Society, but his research interests cover several areas. Carter is affiliated with the American Cancer Society, Epidemiology Research Program.
  • Analysis of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act The law ensures that the FDA has the power to tackle issues of interest to the public such as the use of tobacco by minors.
  • Smoking in the Actuality The current use of aggressive marketing and advertising strategies has continued to support the smoking of e-cigarettes. The study has also indicated that “the use of such e-cigarettes may contribute to the normalization of smoking”.
  • Lifestyle Management While Quitting Smoking
  • Advocating for Smoking Cessation: Health Professional Role
  • Cigarette Smoking Among Teenagers in the Baltimore Community, Maryland
  • Smoking Cessation Clinic Analysis
  • Poland’s Smoking Culture From Nursing Perspective
  • On Why One Should Stop Smoking
  • Smoking and Drinking: Age Factor in the US
  • Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Adult Smokers With a Psychiatric Disorder
  • Outdoor Smoking Ban in Public Areas of the Community
  • Introducing Smoking Cessation Program: 5 A’s Intervention Plan
  • E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation
  • Integration of Smoking Cessation Into Daily Nursing Practice
  • Smoking Health Problem Assessment
  • Health Promotion Plan: Smokers in Mississippi
  • The Stop Smoking Movement Analysis
  • The Culture of Smoking Changed in Poland
  • Smoking: Benefits or Harms?
  • Smoking Cessation Programs Through the Wheel of Community Organizing
  • Peer Pressure and Smoking Influence on Teenagers
  • Tackling Teenage Smoking in Community
  • A Peer Intervention Program to Reduce Smoking Rates Among LGBTQ
  • How Smoking Is Harmful to Your Health
  • Maternal and Infant Health: Smoking Prevention Strategies
  • Smoking Cessation and Health Promotion Plan
  • Smoking Cessation Project Implementation
  • Smoking as a Risk Factor for Lung Cancer
  • Anti-Smoking Communication Campaign’s Analysis
  • Aspects of Anti-Smoking Advertising
  • Drug Addiction in Teenagers: Smoking and Other Lifestyles
  • Smoking Prevalence in Bankstown, Australia
  • Anti-Smoking Policy in Australia and the US
  • Smoking and the Pandemic in West Virginia
  • Smoking as a Predictor of Underachievement
  • Smoking and Stress Among Veterans
  • Quitting Smoking and Related Health Benefits
  • Smoking Cessation Therapy: Effectiveness of Electronic Cigarettes
  • Smoking Public Education Campaign Assessment
  • Smoking as a Community Issue: The Influence of Smoking
  • Investing Savings from Quitting Smoking: A Financial Analysis
  • Are Estimated Peer Effects on Smoking Robust?
  • Are There Safe Smoking and Tobacco Options?
  • What Are the Health Risks of Smoking?
  • Does Cigarette Smoking Affect Body Weight?
  • Does Cigarette Smuggling Prop Up Smoking Rates?
  • What Foods Help You Quit Smoking?
  • How Can People Relax Without Smoking?
  • Does Education Affect Smoking Behaviors?
  • Is Vaping Worse Than Smoking?
  • Do Movies Affect Teen Smoking?
  • What Is Worse: Drinking or Smoking?
  • Does Smoking Affect Breathing Capacity?
  • Does Smoking Cause Lung Cancer?
  • Does Having More Children Increase the Likelihood of Parental Smoking?
  • Does Smoking Cigarettes Relieve Stress?
  • Does Time Preference Affect Smoking Behavior?
  • How Does Smoking Affect Cardiovascular Endurance?
  • How Hypnosis Can Help You Quit Smoking?
  • How Does Smoking Affect Brain?
  • How Nicotine Affects Your Quit Smoking Victory?
  • How Does Secondhand Smoking Affect Us?
  • Why Is Smoking Addictive?
  • How Smoking Bans Are Bad for Business?
  • Why Smoking Should Not Be Permitted in Restaurants?
  • Why Public Smoking Should Be Banned?
  • Why Has Cigarette Smoking Become So Prominent Within the American Culture?
  • What Makes Smoking and Computers Similar?
  • Does Smoking Affect Schooling?
  • What Effects Can Cigarette Smoking Have on the Respiratory System?
  • What Are the Most Prevalent Dangers of Smoking and Drinking?
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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Addictions — Smoking

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Essays About Smoking

Smoking essay, types of essay about smoking.

  • Cause and Effect Essay: This type of essay focuses on the causes and effects of smoking. It discusses why people start smoking and the consequences of smoking on both the smoker and those around them.
  • Argumentative Essay: This essay type aims to persuade the reader about the negative effects of smoking. It presents an argument and provides supporting evidence to convince the reader that smoking is harmful and should be avoided.
  • Persuasive Essay: Similar to an argumentative essay, this type of essay aims to persuade the reader to quit smoking. It presents facts, statistics, and other relevant information to convince the reader to stop smoking.

Smoking Essay Example: Cause and Effect

  • Identify the causes of smoking: Start by examining why people start smoking in the first place. Is it peer pressure, addiction, stress, or curiosity? Understanding the reasons why people smoke is crucial in creating an effective cause and effect essay.
  • Discuss the effects of smoking: Highlight the impact smoking has on an individual's health and the environment. Discuss the risks associated with smoking, such as lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems, and explain how smoking affects non-smokers through secondhand smoke.
  • Use reliable sources: To make your essay more convincing, ensure that you use credible sources to back up your claims. Use scientific studies, government reports, and medical journals to support your arguments.
  • Provide statistical evidence: Incorporate statistical data to make your essay more impactful. Use figures to show the number of people who smoke, the effects of smoking on the environment, and the costs associated with smoking.
  • Offer solutions: Conclude your essay by suggesting solutions to the problem of smoking. Encourage smokers to quit by outlining the benefits of quitting smoking and offering resources for those who want to quit.

Smoking: Argumentative Essay

  • Choose a clear position: The writer should choose a side on the issue of smoking, either for or against it, and be clear in presenting their stance.
  • Gather evidence: Research and collect facts and statistics to support the writer's argument. They can find data from reliable sources like scientific journals, government reports, and reputable news organizations.
  • Address counterarguments: A good argumentative essay will acknowledge opposing viewpoints and then provide a counterargument to refute them.
  • Use persuasive language: The writer should use persuasive language to convince the reader of their position. This includes using rhetorical devices, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, to appeal to the reader's emotions and logic.
  • Provide a clear conclusion: The writer should summarize the key points of their argument and reiterate their stance in the conclusion.

Persuasive Essay on Smoking

  • Identify your audience and their beliefs about smoking.
  • Present compelling evidence to support your argument, such as statistics, research studies, and personal anecdotes.
  • Use emotional appeals, such as stories or images that show the negative impact of smoking.
  • Address potential counterarguments and refute them effectively.
  • Use strong and clear language to persuade the reader to take action.
  • When choosing a topic for a smoking persuasive essay, consider a specific aspect of smoking that you would like to persuade the audience to act upon.

Hook Examples for Smoking Essays

Anecdotal hook.

Imagine a teenager taking their first puff of a cigarette, unaware of the lifelong addiction they're about to face. This scenario illustrates the pervasive issue of smoking among young people.

Question Hook

Is the pleasure derived from smoking worth the serious health risks it poses? Dive into the contentious debate over tobacco use and its consequences.

Quotation Hook

"Smoking is a habit that drains your money and kills you slowly, one puff after another." — Unknown. Explore the financial and health impacts of smoking in today's society.

Statistical or Factual Hook

Did you know that smoking is responsible for nearly 8 million deaths worldwide each year? Examine the alarming statistics and data associated with tobacco-related illnesses.

Definition Hook

What exactly is smoking, and what are the various forms it takes? Delve into the definitions of smoking, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and emerging alternatives like e-cigarettes.

Rhetorical Question Hook

Can we truly call ourselves a smoke-free generation when new nicotine delivery devices are enticing young people? Investigate the impact of vaping and e-cigarettes on the youth.

Historical Hook

Trace the history of smoking, from its ancient roots to its prevalence in different cultures and societies. Explore how perceptions of smoking have evolved over time.

Contrast Hook

Contrast the images of the suave, cigarette-smoking characters from classic films with the grim reality of tobacco-related diseases and addiction in the modern world.

Narrative Hook

Walk in the shoes of a lifelong smoker as they recount their journey from that first cigarette to a battle with addiction and the quest to quit. Their story reflects the struggles of many.

Shocking Statement Hook

Prepare to uncover the disturbing truth about smoking—how it not only harms the smoker but also affects non-smokers through secondhand smoke exposure. It's an issue that goes beyond personal choice.

The Harmful Effects of Smoking: Physical, Social, and Economic Consequences

The effects of smoking on your body, made-to-order essay as fast as you need it.

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The Effects of Smoking on Health

The importance of quitting smoking, the history of tobacco use and its dangers, the dangers of smoke from cigarettes, let us write you an essay from scratch.

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A Research Paper on Smoking Cigarettes: Should Society Ban It

Effect of tobacco: why cigarette smoking should be banned, how smoking can ruin your health, fight addiction with the help willpower, get a personalized essay in under 3 hours.

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Should Smoking Be Made Illegal: Argumentative

Look of maturity: why smoking is "good" for you, nevada's smoking freedom at stake as joelle babula argues that local government should enforce strict laws, the effects of smoking ban, the challenges of quitting smoking, discussion on whether cigarette smoking should be banned in public places, the motif of smoking in all the pretty horses, the issue of smoking and alcohol drinking among adolescents, my personal experience of the effects of vaping, why vaping is bad for you: effects and dangers, feminist theory and communication, the toxic truth of smoking and vaping, the different harmful effects of smoking marijuana, pieces of advice that will help you to select the best vape shop in las vegas, facts of herbal cigarettes versus tobacco cigarettes, vaping: all you need to know about this trend, from cure to poison: the negative effects of tobacco, global efforts to diminish tobacco usage, the design of the zippo lighter, the detrimental effects of tobacco smoking, relevant topics.

  • Eating Disorders
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Essays on Smoking

Essay-writers in each smoking essay emphasize the dangers of smoking, and fairly so. After all, smoking is one of the most widespread bad habits in the world – there are about 2 billion smokers worldwide. It is a detrimental habit, as cigarette smoke contains more than 30 toxic components – you can go into them one by one in your essays on smoking. It's no secret how dangerous smoking is, however, around 18 billion cigarettes are sold globally every day. Smoking essays often include a lot of statistics, as facts speak louder than opinions. An estimated $50 billion a year is spent on treating smoking-related diseases in the United States alone. This means that for every pack of cigarettes, about $2 are spent on treating smoking-related diseases. Crazy, right? If you need more info on smoking for your essays, review our smoking essay samples.

Smoking and its Impact on Health Smoking predisposes one to various health problems including cancer of the lung, addiction, and adoption of harmful behaviors. Amongst adult smokers, smoking patterns have shown no significant reduction and a possible rise in smoking in the young individuals and the preteens has been reported (Lando,...

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1. Do you agree with the no smoking law in all public buildings in the state of Illinois? Should other states pass this law? What are the physical effects of second hand smoke on a child's airway? Should smoking in the presence of young children be...

Smoking in Public Places: A Health Hazard Smoking in public places is a health hazard for the smokers as well as the non-smoking public. The main dangers of smoking in public are often health-related as well as accident fires. More fatalities arise from public smoking are connected to the adverse effects...

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The World Health Organization suggests that approximately 5 million people die every year in the world because of tobacco use. Further, the report argues that, “the use of tobacco may cause about one billion deaths in the 21st century if current trends continue” (World Health Organization, " Research for International...

The Health Risks of Public Smoking The ban on smoking in public spaces has been an ongoing topic of discussion in different health platforms all over the world. Every year, several people are reported to die from lung cancer and other smoking-related health conditions. Nonetheless, despite the several reported deaths, tobacco...

Words: 1695

The number of the individuals who smoke has risen over the years. Even though they are aware of how harmful smoking can be, the public still decides to use a cigarette. It is an individual decision, and it is a habit which is extremely addictive. It is not the responsibility...

Words: 1413

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The opening sentence The opening sentence used by the author does not induce vigor of reading the article. Words arrangement in the sentence is not right, it should have read, ‘Herbert A. Gilbert filed the first electronic cigarette for a patent in 1963.’ The writer assumes that the reader knows what...

The Importance of Tobacco Control Policies Over the years, tobacco smoking has become a worldwide concern for health. Thus, the US government alongside other countries has been on the move in passing policies and ordinances which control the use of tobacco. The health implications associated with tobacco smoking have been more...

Smoking is an endemic problem that not only affects smokers, but also goes as far as affecting innocent non-smoking public. At the core of this problem is the issue of smoking in public places. Being a risk to public health a ban on public smoking can be a life saver,...

Introduction Even though almost every smoker realizes the harm caused by smoking, the number of smokers in the world remains enormous. Due to a low price, availability, legality, and the promotion of cigarettes in the media, almost every second there is a new person that starts smoking. The main reason for...

Words: 1220

The cigarette is one of the deadliest drugs known to human beings. In the developed countries, there are attempts to minimize the smoking rates. There are different measures which have been suggested to help reduce the risks posed by consumption of the drug which includes increased taxes, bans on cigarette...

Words: 1017

The Question of Outlawing Cigarettes and Tobacco Products The question of whether cigarettes and other tobacco products should be outlawed is still an argument as many agree as well as disagree from the same. Tobacco is a plant which is grown and contains nicotine which affects one to be dependent on...

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Task 2 IELTS Sample Essay: Smoking

by faysal ahmad (dhaka bangladesh)

which makes para lashed our body smoke infornt of their family member
smoking is a dangerous bad habit.it contains nicotine.it causes different diseases and damages our brain and lungs.

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Office on Smoking and Health (US). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2006.

Cover of The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke

The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General.

1 introduction, summary, and conclusions.

  • Introduction

The topic of passive or involuntary smoking was first addressed in the 1972 U.S. Surgeon General’s report ( The Health Consequences of Smoking , U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare [USDHEW] 1972 ), only eight years after the first Surgeon General’s report on the health consequences of active smoking ( USDHEW 1964 ). Surgeon General Dr. Jesse Steinfeld had raised concerns about this topic, leading to its inclusion in that report. According to the 1972 report, nonsmokers inhale the mixture of sidestream smoke given off by a smoldering cigarette and mainstream smoke exhaled by a smoker, a mixture now referred to as “secondhand smoke” or “environmental tobacco smoke.” Cited experimental studies showed that smoking in enclosed spaces could lead to high levels of cigarette smoke components in the air. For carbon monoxide ( CO ) specifically, levels in enclosed spaces could exceed levels then permitted in outdoor air. The studies supported a conclusion that “an atmosphere contaminated with tobacco smoke can contribute to the discomfort of many individuals” ( USDHEW 1972 , p. 7). The possibility that CO emitted from cigarettes could harm persons with chronic heart or lung disease was also mentioned.

Secondhand tobacco smoke was then addressed in greater depth in Chapter 4 (Involuntary Smoking) of the 1975 Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Smoking ( USDHEW 1975 ). The chapter noted that involuntary smoking takes place when nonsmokers inhale both sidestream and exhaled mainstream smoke and that this “smoking” is “involuntary” when “the exposure occurs as an unavoidable consequence of breathing in a smoke-filled environment” (p. 87). The report covered exposures and potential health consequences of involuntary smoking, and the researchers concluded that smoking on buses and airplanes was annoying to nonsmokers and that involuntary smoking had potentially adverse consequences for persons with heart and lung diseases. Two studies on nicotine concentrations in nonsmokers raised concerns about nicotine as a contributing factor to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in nonsmokers.

The 1979 Surgeon General’s report, Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General ( USDHEW 1979 ), also contained a chapter entitled “Involuntary Smoking.” The chapter stressed that “attention to involuntary smoking is of recent vintage, and only limited information regarding the health effects of such exposure upon the nonsmoker is available” (p. 11–35). The chapter concluded with recommendations for research including epidemiologic and clinical studies. The 1982 Surgeon General’s report specifically addressed smoking and cancer ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] 1982 ). By 1982, there were three published epidemiologic studies on involuntary smoking and lung cancer, and the 1982 Surgeon General’s report included a brief chapter on this topic. That chapter commented on the methodologic difficulties inherent in such studies, including exposure assessment, the lengthy interval during which exposures are likely to be relevant, and accounting for exposures to other carcinogens. Nonetheless, the report concluded that “Although the currently available evidence is not sufficient to conclude that passive or involuntary smoking causes lung cancer in nonsmokers, the evidence does raise concern about a possible serious public health problem” (p. 251).

Involuntary smoking was also reviewed in the 1984 report, which focused on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and smoking ( USDHHS 1984 ). Chapter 7 (Passive Smoking) of that report included a comprehensive review of the mounting information on smoking by parents and the effects on respiratory health of their children, data on irritation of the eye, and the more limited evidence on pulmonary effects of involuntary smoking on adults. The chapter began with a compilation of measurements of tobacco smoke components in various indoor environments. The extent of the data had increased substantially since 1972. By 1984, the data included measurements of more specific indicators such as acrolein and nicotine, and less specific indicators such as particulate matter ( PM ), nitrogen oxides, and CO . The report reviewed new evidence on exposures of nonsmokers using bio-markers, with substantial information on levels of cotinine, a major nicotine metabolite. The report anticipated future conclusions with regard to respiratory effects of parental smoking on child respiratory health ( Table 1.1 ).

Table 1.1

Conclusions from previous Surgeon General’s reports on the health effects of secondhand smoke exposure

Involuntary smoking was the topic for the entire 1986 Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking ( USDHHS 1986 ). In its 359 pages, the report covered the full breadth of the topic, addressing toxicology and dosimetry of tobacco smoke; the relevant evidence on active smoking; patterns of exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco smoke; the epidemiologic evidence on involuntary smoking and disease risks for infants, children, and adults; and policies to control involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. That report concluded that involuntary smoking caused lung cancer in lifetime nonsmoking adults and was associated with adverse effects on respiratory health in children. The report also stated that simply separating smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace reduced but did not eliminate exposure to secondhand smoke. All of these findings are relevant to public health and public policy ( Table 1.1 ). The lung cancer conclusion was based on extensive information already available on the carcinogenicity of active smoking, the qualitative similarities between secondhand and mainstream smoke, the uptake of tobacco smoke components by nonsmokers, and the epidemiologic data on involuntary smoking. The three major conclusions of the report ( Table 1.2 ), led Dr. C. Everett Koop, Surgeon General at the time, to comment in his preface that “the right of smokers to smoke ends where their behavior affects the health and well-being of others; furthermore, it is the smokers’ responsibility to ensure that they do not expose nonsmokers to the potential [ sic ] harmful effects of tobacco smoke” ( USDHHS 1986 , p. xii).

Table 1.2

Major conclusions of the 1986 Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking

Two other reports published in 1986 also reached the conclusion that involuntary smoking increased the risk for lung cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) of the World Health Organization concluded that “passive smoking gives rise to some risk of cancer” ( IARC 1986 , p. 314). In its monograph on tobacco smoking, the agency supported this conclusion on the basis of the characteristics of sidestream and mainstream smoke, the absorption of tobacco smoke materials during an involuntary exposure, and the nature of dose-response relationships for carcinogenesis. In the same year, the National Research Council ( NRC ) also concluded that involuntary smoking increases the incidence of lung cancer in nonsmokers ( NRC 1986 ). In reaching this conclusion, the NRC report cited the biologic plausibility of the association between exposure to secondhand smoke and lung cancer and the supporting epidemiologic evidence. On the basis of a pooled analysis of the epidemiologic data adjusted for bias, the report concluded that the best estimate for the excess risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers married to smokers was 25 percent, compared with nonsmokers married to nonsmokers. With regard to the effects of involuntary smoking on children, the NRC report commented on the literature linking secondhand smoke exposures from parental smoking to increased risks for respiratory symptoms and infections and to a slightly diminished rate of lung growth.

Since 1986, the conclusions with regard to both the carcinogenicity of secondhand smoke and the adverse effects of parental smoking on the health of children have been echoed and expanded ( Table 1.3 ). In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) published its risk assessment of secondhand smoke as a carcinogen ( USEPA 1992 ). The agency’s evaluation drew on toxicologic information on secondhand smoke and the extensive literature on active smoking. A comprehensive meta-analysis of the 31 epidemiologic studies of secondhand smoke and lung cancer published up to that time was central to the decision to classify secondhand smoke as a group A carcinogen—namely, a known human carcinogen. Estimates of approximately 3,000 U.S. lung cancer deaths per year in non-smokers were attributed to secondhand smoke. The report also covered other respiratory health effects in children and adults and concluded that involuntary smoking is causally associated with several adverse respiratory effects in children. There was also a quantitative risk assessment for the impact of involuntary smoking on childhood asthma and lower respiratory tract infections in young children.

Table 1.3. Selected major reports, other than those of the U.

Selected major reports, other than those of the U.S. Surgeon General, addressing adverse effects from exposure to tobacco smoke

In the decade since the 1992 EPA report, scientific panels continued to evaluate the mounting evidence linking involuntary smoking to adverse health effects ( Table 1.3 ). The most recent was the 2005 report of the California EPA ( Cal/EPA 2005 ). Over time, research has repeatedly affirmed the conclusions of the 1986 Surgeon General’s reports and studies have further identified causal associations of involuntary smoking with diseases and other health disorders. The epidemiologic evidence on involuntary smoking has markedly expanded since 1986, as have the data on exposure to tobacco smoke in the many environments where people spend time. An understanding of the mechanisms by which involuntary smoking causes disease has also deepened.

As part of the environmental health hazard assessment, Cal/EPA identified specific health effects causally associated with exposure to secondhand smoke. The agency estimated the annual excess deaths in the United States that are attributable to secondhand smoke exposure for specific disorders: sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS ), cardiac-related illnesses (ischemic heart disease), and lung cancer ( Cal/EPA 2005 ). For the excess incidence of other health outcomes, either new estimates were provided or estimates from the 1997 health hazard assessment were used without any revisions ( Cal/EPA 1997 ). Overall, Cal/EPA estimated that about 50,000 excess deaths result annually from exposure to secondhand smoke ( Cal/EPA 2005 ). Estimated annual excess deaths for the total U.S. population are about 3,400 (a range of 3,423 to 8,866) from lung cancer, 46,000 (a range of 22,700 to 69,600) from cardiac-related illnesses, and 430 from SIDS. The agency also estimated that between 24,300 and 71,900 low birth weight or pre-term deliveries, about 202,300 episodes of childhood asthma (new cases and exacerbations), between 150,000 and 300,000 cases of lower respiratory illness in children, and about 789,700 cases of middle ear infections in children occur each year in the United States as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke.

This new 2006 Surgeon General’s report returns to the topic of involuntary smoking. The health effects of involuntary smoking have not received comprehensive coverage in this series of reports since 1986. Reports since then have touched on selected aspects of the topic: the 1994 report on tobacco use among young people ( USDHHS 1994 ), the 1998 report on tobacco use among U.S. racial and ethnic minorities ( USDHHS 1998 ), and the 2001 report on women and smoking ( USDHHS 2001 ). As involuntary smoking remains widespread in the United States and elsewhere, the preparation of this report was motivated by the persistence of involuntary smoking as a public health problem and the need to evaluate the substantial new evidence reported since 1986. This report substantially expands the list of topics that were included in the 1986 report. Additional topics include SIDS , developmental effects, and other reproductive effects; heart disease in adults; and cancer sites beyond the lung. For some associations of involuntary smoking with adverse health effects, only a few studies were reviewed in 1986 (e. g ., ear disease in children); now, the relevant literature is substantial. Consequently, this report uses meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize evidence as appropriate. Following the approach used in the 2004 report ( The Health Consequences of Smoking , USDHHS 2004 ), this 2006 report also systematically evaluates the evidence for causality, judging the extent of the evidence available and then making an inference as to the nature of the association.

Organization of the Report

This twenty-ninth report of the Surgeon General examines the topics of toxicology of secondhand smoke, assessment and prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke, reproductive and developmental health effects, respiratory effects of exposure to secondhand smoke in children and adults, cancer among adults, cardiovascular diseases, and the control of secondhand smoke exposure.

This introductory chapter (Chapter 1) includes a discussion of the concept of causation and introduces concepts of causality that are used throughout this report; this chapter also summarizes the major conclusions of the report. Chapter 2 (Toxicology of Secondhand Smoke) sets out a foundation for interpreting the observational evidence that is the focus of most of the following chapters. The discussion details the mechanisms that enable tobacco smoke components to injure the respiratory tract and cause nonmalignant and malignant diseases and other adverse effects. Chapter 3 (Assessment of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke) provides a perspective on key factors that determine exposures of people to secondhand smoke in indoor environments, including building designs and operations, atmospheric markers of secondhand smoke, exposure models, and biomarkers of exposure to secondhand smoke. Chapter 4 (Prevalence of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke) summarizes findings that focus on nicotine measurements in the air and cotinine measurements in biologic materials. The chapter includes exposures in the home, workplace, public places, and special populations. Chapter 5 (Reproductive and Developmental Effects from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke) reviews the health effects on reproduction, on infants, and on child development. Chapter 6 (Respiratory Effects in Children from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke) examines the effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children. Chapter 7 (Cancer Among Adults from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke) summarizes the evidence on cancer of the lung, breast, nasal sinuses, and the cervix. Chapter 8 (Cardiovascular Diseases from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke) discusses coronary heart disease ( CHD ), stroke, and subclinical vascular disease. Chapter 9 (Respiratory Effects in Adults from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke) examines odor and irritation, respiratory symptoms, lung function, and respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chapter 10 (Control of Secondhand Smoke Exposure) considers measures used to control exposure to secondhand smoke in public places, including legislation, education, and approaches based on building designs and operations. The report concludes with “A Vision for the Future.” Major conclusions of the report were distilled from the chapter conclusions and appear later in this chapter.

Preparation of the Report

This report of the Surgeon General was prepared by the Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ), and U.S. DHHS. Initial chapters were written by 22 experts who were selected because of their knowledge of a particular topic. The contributions of the initial experts were consolidated into 10 major chapters that were then reviewed by more than 40 peer reviewers. The entire manuscript was then sent to more than 30 scientists and experts who reviewed it for its scientific integrity. After each review cycle, the drafts were revised by the scientific editors on the basis of the experts’ comments. Subsequently, the report was reviewed by various institutes and agencies within U.S. DHHS. Publication lags, even short ones, prevent an up-to-the-minute inclusion of all recently published articles and data. Therefore, by the time the public reads this report, there may be additional published studies or data. To provide published information as current as possible, this report includes an Appendix of more recent studies that represent major additions to the literature.

This report is also accompanied by a companion database of key evidence that is accessible through the Internet ( http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco ). The database includes a uniform description of the studies and results on the health effects of exposure to secondhand smoke that were presented in a format compatible with abstraction into standardized tables. Readers of the report may access these data for additional analyses, tables, or figures.

  • Definitions and Terminology

The inhalation of tobacco smoke by nonsmokers has been variably referred to as “passive smoking” or “involuntary smoking.” Smokers, of course, also inhale secondhand smoke. Cigarette smoke contains both particles and gases generated by the combustion at high temperatures of tobacco, paper, and additives. The smoke inhaled by nonsmokers that contaminates indoor spaces and outdoor environments has often been referred to as “secondhand smoke” or “environmental tobacco smoke.” This inhaled smoke is the mixture of sidestream smoke released by the smoldering cigarette and the mainstream smoke that is exhaled by a smoker. Sidestream smoke, generated at lower temperatures and under somewhat different combustion conditions than mainstream smoke, tends to have higher concentrations of many of the toxins found in cigarette smoke ( USDHHS 1986 ). However, it is rapidly diluted as it travels away from the burning cigarette.

Secondhand smoke is an inherently dynamic mixture that changes in characteristics and concentration with the time since it was formed and the distance it has traveled. The smoke particles change in size and composition as gaseous components are volatilized and moisture content changes; gaseous elements of secondhand smoke may be adsorbed onto materials, and particle concentrations drop with both dilution in the air or environment and impaction on surfaces, including the lungs or on the body. Because of its dynamic nature, a specific quantitative definition of secondhand smoke cannot be offered.

This report uses the term secondhand smoke in preference to environmental tobacco smoke, even though the latter may have been used more frequently in previous reports. The descriptor “secondhand” captures the involuntary nature of the exposure, while “environmental” does not. This report also refers to the inhalation of secondhand smoke as involuntary smoking, acknowledging that most nonsmokers do not want to inhale tobacco smoke. The exposure of the fetus to tobacco smoke, whether from active smoking by the mother or from her exposure to secondhand smoke, also constitutes involuntary smoking.

  • Evidence Evaluation

Following the model of the 1964 report, the Surgeon General’s reports on smoking have included comprehensive compilations of the evidence on the health effects of smoking. The evidence is analyzed to identify causal associations between smoking and disease according to enunciated principles, sometimes referred to as the “Surgeon General’s criteria” or the “Hill” criteria (after Sir Austin Bradford Hill) for causality ( USDHEW 1964 ; USDHHS 2004 ). Application of these criteria involves covering all relevant observational and experimental evidence. The criteria, offered in a brief chapter of the 1964 report entitled “Criteria for Judgment,” included (1) the consistency of the association, (2) the strength of the association, (3) the specificity of the association, (4) the temporal relationship of the association, and (5) the coherence of the association. Although these criteria have been criticized (e. g ., Rothman and Greenland 1998 ), they have proved useful as a framework for interpreting evidence on smoking and other postulated causes of disease, and for judging whether causality can be inferred.

In the 2004 report of the Surgeon General, The Health Consequences of Smoking , the framework for interpreting evidence on smoking and health was revisited in depth for the first time since the 1964 report ( USDHHS 2004 ). The 2004 report provided a four-level hierarchy for interpreting evidence ( Table 1.4 ). The categories acknowledge that evidence can be “suggestive” but not adequate to infer a causal relationship, and also allows for evidence that is “suggestive of no causal relationship.” Since the 2004 report, the individual chapter conclusions have consistently used this four-level hierarchy ( Table 1.4 ), but evidence syntheses and other summary statements may use either the term “increased risk” or “cause” to describe instances in which there is sufficient evidence to conclude that active or involuntary smoking causes a disease or condition. This four-level framework also sharply and completely separates conclusions regarding causality from the implications of such conclusions.

Table 1.4

Four-level hierarchy for classifying the strength of causal inferences based on available evidence

That same framework was used in this report on involuntary smoking and health. The criteria dating back to the 1964 Surgeon General’s report remain useful as guidelines for evaluating evidence ( USDHEW 1964 ), but they were not intended to be applied strictly or as a “checklist” that needed to be met before the designation of “causal” could be applied to an association. In fact, for involuntary smoking and health, several of the criteria will not be met for some associations. Specificity, referring to a unique exposure-disease relationship (e. g ., the association between thalidomide use during pregnancy and unusual birth defects), can be set aside as not relevant, as all of the health effects considered in this report have causes other than involuntary smoking. Associations are considered more likely to be causal as the strength of an association increases because competing explanations become less plausible alternatives. However, based on knowledge of dosimetry and mechanisms of injury and disease causation, the risk is anticipated to be only slightly or modestly increased for some associations of involuntary smoking with disease, such as lung cancer, particularly when the very strong relative risks found for active smokers are compared with those for lifetime nonsmokers. The finding of only a small elevation in risk, as in the example of spousal smoking and lung cancer risk in lifetime nonsmokers, does not weigh against a causal association; however, alternative explanations for a risk of a small magnitude need full exploration and cannot be so easily set aside as alternative explanations for a stronger association. Consistency, coherence, and the temporal relationship of involuntary smoking with disease are central to the interpretations in this report. To address coherence, the report draws not only on the evidence for involuntary smoking, but on the even more extensive literature on active smoking and disease.

Although the evidence reviewed in this report comes largely from investigations of secondhand smoke specifically, the larger body of evidence on active smoking is also relevant to many of the associations that were evaluated. The 1986 report found secondhand smoke to be qualitatively similar to mainstream smoke inhaled by the smoker and concluded that secondhand smoke would be expected to have “a toxic and carcinogenic potential that would not be expected to be qualitatively different from that of MS [mainstream smoke]” ( USDHHS 1986 , p. 23). The 2004 report of the Surgeon General revisited the health consequences of active smoking ( USDHHS 2004 ), and the conclusions substantially expanded the list of diseases and conditions caused by smoking. Chapters in the present report consider the evidence on active smoking that is relevant to biologic plausibility for causal associations between involuntary smoking and disease. The reviews included in this report cover evidence identified through search strategies set out in each chapter. Of necessity, the evidence on mechanisms was selectively reviewed. However, an attempt was made to cover all health studies through specified target dates. Because of the substantial amount of time involved in preparing this report, lists of new key references published after these cut-off dates are included in an Appendix . Literature reviews were extended when new evidence was sufficient to possibly change the level of a causal conclusion.

  • Major Conclusions

This report returns to involuntary smoking, the topic of the 1986 Surgeon General’s report. Since then, there have been many advances in the research on secondhand smoke, and substantial evidence has been reported over the ensuing 20 years. This report uses the revised language for causal conclusions that was implemented in the 2004 Surgeon General’s report ( USDHHS 2004 ). Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of the evidence, a quantitative synthesis of the evidence if appropriate, and a rigorous assessment of sources of bias that may affect interpretations of the findings. The reviews in this report reaffirm and strengthen the findings of the 1986 report. With regard to the involuntary exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco smoke, the scientific evidence now supports the following major conclusions:

  • Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke.
  • Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS ), acute respiratory infections, ear problems, and more severe asthma. Smoking by parents causes respiratory symptoms and slows lung growth in their children.
  • Exposure of adults to secondhand smoke has immediate adverse effects on the cardiovascular system and causes coronary heart disease and lung cancer.
  • The scientific evidence indicates that there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke.
  • Many millions of Americans, both children and adults, are still exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes and workplaces despite substantial progress in tobacco control.
  • Eliminating smoking in indoor spaces fully protects nonsmokers from exposure to secondhand smoke. Separating smokers from nonsmokers, cleaning the air, and ventilating buildings cannot eliminate exposures of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke.
  • Chapter Conclusions

Chapter 2 Toxicology of Secondhand Smoke

Evidence of carcinogenic effects from secondhand smoke exposure.

  • 1. More than 50 carcinogens have been identified in sidestream and secondhand smoke.
  • 2. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and its condensates and tumors in laboratory animals.
  • 3. The evidence is sufficient to infer that exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke causes a significant increase in urinary levels of metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone ( NNK ). The presence of these metabolites links exposure to secondhand smoke with an increased risk for lung cancer.
  • 4. The mechanisms by which secondhand smoke causes lung cancer are probably similar to those observed in smokers. The overall risk of secondhand smoke exposure, compared with active smoking, is diminished by a substantially lower carcinogenic dose.

Mechanisms of Respiratory Tract Injury and Disease Caused by Secondhand Smoke Exposure

  • 5. The evidence indicates multiple mechanisms by which secondhand smoke exposure causes injury to the respiratory tract.
  • 6. The evidence indicates mechanisms by which secondhand smoke exposure could increase the risk for sudden infant death syndrome.

Mechanisms of Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Heart Disease

  • 7. The evidence is sufficient to infer that exposure to secondhand smoke has a prothrombotic effect.
  • 8. The evidence is sufficient to infer that exposure to secondhand smoke causes endothelial cell dysfunctions.
  • 9. The evidence is sufficient to infer that exposure to secondhand smoke causes atherosclerosis in animal models.

Chapter 3. Assessment of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

Building designs and operations.

  • 1. Current heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems alone cannot control exposure to secondhand smoke.
  • 2. The operation of a heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system can distribute secondhand smoke throughout a building.

Exposure Models

  • 3. Atmospheric concentration of nicotine is a sensitive and specific indicator for secondhand smoke.
  • 4. Smoking increases indoor particle concentrations.
  • 5. Models can be used to estimate concentrations of secondhand smoke.

Biomarkers of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

  • 6. Biomarkers suitable for assessing recent exposures to secondhand smoke are available.
  • 7. At this time, cotinine, the primary proximate metabolite of nicotine, remains the biomarker of choice for assessing secondhand smoke exposure.
  • 8. Individual biomarkers of exposure to secondhand smoke represent only one component of a complex mixture, and measurements of one marker may not wholly reflect an exposure to other components of concern as a result of involuntary smoking.

Chapter 4. Prevalence of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

  • The evidence is sufficient to infer that large numbers of nonsmokers are still exposed to secondhand smoke.
  • Exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke has declined in the United States since the 1986 Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking .
  • The evidence indicates that the extent of secondhand smoke exposure varies across the country.
  • Homes and workplaces are the predominant locations for exposure to secondhand smoke.
  • Exposure to secondhand smoke tends to be greater for persons with lower incomes.
  • Exposure to secondhand smoke continues in restaurants, bars, casinos, gaming halls, and vehicles.

Chapter 5. Reproductive and Developmental Effects from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

  • 1. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between maternal exposure to secondhand smoke and female fertility or fecundability. No data were found on paternal exposure to secondhand smoke and male fertility or fecundability.

Pregnancy (Spontaneous Abortion and Perinatal Death)

  • 2. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between maternal exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion.

Infant Deaths

  • 3. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and neonatal mortality.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

  • 4. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and sudden infant death syndrome.

Preterm Delivery

  • 5. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between maternal exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy and preterm delivery.

Low Birth Weight

  • 6. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between maternal exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy and a small reduction in birth weight.

Congenital Malformations

  • 7. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and congenital malformations.

Cognitive Development

  • 8. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and cognitive functioning among children.

Behavioral Development

  • 9. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and behavioral problems among children.

Height/Growth

  • 10. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and children’s height/growth.

Childhood Cancer

  • 11. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and childhood cancer.
  • 12. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between maternal exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy and childhood cancer.
  • 13. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke during infancy and childhood cancer.
  • 14. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and childhood leukemias.
  • 15. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and childhood lymphomas.
  • 16. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and childhood brain tumors.
  • 17. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and other childhood cancer types.

Chapter 6. Respiratory Effects in Children from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

Lower respiratory illnesses in infancy and early childhood.

  • 1. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure from parental smoking and lower respiratory illnesses in infants and children.
  • 2. The increased risk for lower respiratory illnesses is greatest from smoking by the mother.

Middle Ear Disease and Adenotonsillectomy

  • 3. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between parental smoking and middle ear disease in children, including acute and recurrent otitis media and chronic middle ear effusion.
  • 4. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between parental smoking and the natural history of middle ear effusion.
  • 5. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between parental smoking and an increase in the risk of adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy among children.

Respiratory Symptoms and Prevalent Asthma in School-Age Children

  • 6. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between parental smoking and cough, phlegm, wheeze, and breathlessness among children of school age.
  • 7. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between parental smoking and ever having asthma among children of school age.

Childhood Asthma Onset

  • 8. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure from parental smoking and the onset of wheeze illnesses in early childhood.
  • 9. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure from parental smoking and the onset of childhood asthma.
  • 10. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between parental smoking and the risk of immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy in their children.

Lung Growth and Pulmonary Function

  • 11. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and persistent adverse effects on lung function across childhood.
  • 12. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke after birth and a lower level of lung function during childhood.

Chapter 7. Cancer Among Adults from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

Lung cancer.

  • 1. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer among lifetime nonsmokers. This conclusion extends to all secondhand smoke exposure, regardless of location.
  • 2. The pooled evidence indicates a 20 to 30 percent increase in the risk of lung cancer from secondhand smoke exposure associated with living with a smoker.

Breast Cancer

  • 3. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke and breast cancer.

Nasal Sinus Cavity and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

  • 4. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and a risk of nasal sinus cancer among nonsmokers.
  • 5. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and a risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma among nonsmokers.

Cervical Cancer

  • 6. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and the risk of cervical cancer among lifetime nonsmokers.

Chapter 8. Cardiovascular Diseases from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

  • The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and increased risks of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among both men and women.
  • Pooled relative risks from meta-analyses indicate a 25 to 30 percent increase in the risk of coronary heart disease from exposure to secondhand smoke.
  • The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and an increased risk of stroke.
  • Studies of secondhand smoke and subclinical vascular disease, particularly carotid arterial wall thickening, are suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and atherosclerosis.

Chapter 9. Respiratory Effects in Adults from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

Odor and irritation.

  • 1. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and odor annoyance.
  • 2. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and nasal irritation.
  • 3. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that persons with nasal allergies or a history of respiratory illnesses are more susceptible to developing nasal irritation from secondhand smoke exposure.

Respiratory Symptoms

  • 4. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and acute respiratory symptoms including cough, wheeze, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing among persons with asthma.
  • 5. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and acute respiratory symptoms including cough, wheeze, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing among healthy persons.
  • 6. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and chronic respiratory symptoms.

Lung Function

  • 7. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between short-term secondhand smoke exposure and an acute decline in lung function in persons with asthma.
  • 8. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between short-term secondhand smoke exposure and an acute decline in lung function in healthy persons.
  • 9. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between chronic secondhand smoke exposure and a small decrement in lung function in the general population.
  • 10. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between chronic secondhand smoke exposure and an accelerated decline in lung function.
  • 11. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and adult-onset asthma.
  • 12. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and a worsening of asthma control.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • 13. The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • 14. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and morbidity in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chapter 10. Control of Secondhand Smoke Exposure

  • Workplace smoking restrictions are effective in reducing secondhand smoke exposure.
  • Workplace smoking restrictions lead to less smoking among covered workers.
  • Establishing smoke-free workplaces is the only effective way to ensure that secondhand smoke exposure does not occur in the workplace.
  • The majority of workers in the United States are now covered by smoke-free policies.
  • The extent to which workplaces are covered by smoke-free policies varies among worker groups, across states, and by sociodemographic factors. Workplaces related to the entertainment and hospitality industries have notably high potential for secondhand smoke exposure.
  • Evidence from peer-reviewed studies shows that smoke-free policies and regulations do not have an adverse economic impact on the hospitality industry.
  • Evidence suggests that exposure to secondhand smoke varies by ethnicity and gender.
  • In the United States, the home is now becoming the predominant location for exposure of children and adults to secondhand smoke.
  • Total bans on indoor smoking in hospitals, restaurants, bars, and offices substantially reduce secondhand smoke exposure, up to several orders of magnitude with incomplete compliance, and with full compliance, exposures are eliminated.
  • Exposures of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke cannot be controlled by air cleaning or mechanical air exchange.
  • Methodologic Issues

Much of the evidence on the health effects of involuntary smoking comes from observational epidemiologic studies that were carried out to test hypotheses related to secondhand smoke and risk for diseases and other adverse health effects. The challenges faced in carrying out these studies reflect those of observational research generally: assessment of the relevant exposures and outcomes with sufficient validity and precision, selection of an appropriate study design, identification of an appropriate and sufficiently large study population, and collection of information on other relevant factors that may confound or modify the association being studied. The challenge of accurately classifying secondhand smoke exposures confronts all studies of such exposures, and consequently the literature on approaches to and limitations of exposure classification is substantial. Sources of bias that can affect the findings of epidemiologic studies have been widely discussed ( Rothman and Greenland 1998 ), both in general and in relation to studies of involuntary smoking. Concerns about bias apply to any study of an environmental agent and disease risk: misclassification of exposures or outcomes, confounding effect modification, and proper selection of study participants. In addition, the generalizability of findings from one population to another (external validity) further determines the value of evidence from a study. Another methodologic concern affecting secondhand smoke literature comes from the use of meta-analysis to combine the findings of epidemiologic studies; general concerns related to the use of meta-analysis for observational data and more specific concerns related to involuntary smoking have also been raised. This chapter considers these methodologic issues in anticipation of more specific treatment in the following chapters.

Classification of Secondhand Smoke Exposure

For secondhand smoke, as for any environmental factor that may be a cause of disease, the exposure assessment might encompass the time and place of the exposure, cumulative exposures, exposure during a particular time, or a recent exposure ( Jaakkola and Jaakkola 1997 ; Jaakkola and Samet 1999 ). For example, exposures to secondhand smoke across the full life span may be of interest for lung cancer, while only more recent exposures may be relevant to the exacerbation of asthma. For CHD , both temporally remote and current exposures may affect risk. Assessments of exposures are further complicated by the multiplicity of environments where exposures take place and the difficulty of characterizing the exposure in some locations, such as public places or workplaces. Additionally, exposures probably vary qualitatively and quantitatively over time and across locations because of temporal changes and geographic differences in smoking patterns.

Nonetheless, researchers have used a variety of approaches for exposure assessments in epidemiologic studies of adverse health effects from involuntary smoking. Several core concepts that are fundamental to these approaches are illustrated in Figure 1.1 ( Samet and Jaakkola 1999 ). Cigarette smoking is, of course, the source of most secondhand smoke in the United States, followed by pipes, cigars, and other products. Epidemiologic studies generally focus on assessing the exposure, which is the contact with secondhand smoke. The concentrations of secondhand smoke components in a space depend on the number of smokers and the rate at which they are smoking, the volume into which the smoke is distributed, the rate at which the air in the space exchanges with uncontaminated air, and the rate at which the secondhand smoke is removed from the air. Concentration, exposure, and dose differ in their definitions, although the terms are sometimes used without sharp distinctions. However, surrogate indicators that generally describe a source of exposure may also be used to assess the exposure, such as marriage to a smoker or the number of cigarettes smoked in the home. Biomarkers can provide an indication of an exposure or possibly the dose, but for secondhand smoke they are used for recent exposure only.

The determinants of exposure, dose, and biologically effective dose that underlie the development of health effects from smoking. Source: Samet and Jaakkola (more...)

People are exposed to secondhand smoke in a number of different places, often referred to as “microenvironments” ( NRC 1991 ). A microenvironment is a definable location that has a constant concentration of the contaminant of interest, such as secondhand smoke, during the time that a person is there. Some key microenvironments for secondhand smoke include the home, the workplace, public places, and transportation environments ( Klepeis 1999 ). Based on the microenvironmental model, total exposure can be estimated as the weighted average of the concentrations of secondhand smoke or indicator compounds, such as nicotine, in the microenvironments where time is spent; the weights are the time spent in each microenvironment. Klepeis (1999) illustrates the application of the microenvironmental model with national data from the National Human Activity Pattern Survey conducted by the EPA . His calculations yield an overall estimate of exposure to airborne particles from smoking and of the contributions to this exposure from various microenvironments.

Much of the epidemiologic evidence addresses the consequences of an exposure in a particular microenvironment, such as the home (spousal smoking and lung cancer risk or maternal smoking and risk for asthma exacerbation), or the workplace (exacerbation of asthma by the presence of smokers). Some studies have attempted to cover multiple microenvironments and to characterize exposures over time. For example, in the multicenter study of secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer carried out in the United States, Fontham and colleagues (1994) assessed exposures during childhood, in workplaces, and at home during adulthood. Questionnaires that assess exposures have been the primary tool used in epidemiologic studies of secondhand smoke and disease. Measurement of biomarkers has been added in some studies, either as an additional and complementary exposure assessment approach or for validating questionnaire responses. Some studies have also measured components of secondhand smoke in the air.

Questionnaires generally address sources of exposure in microenvironments and can be tailored to address the time period of interest. Questionnaires represent the only approach that can be used to assess exposures retrospectively over a life span, because available biomarkers only reflect exposures over recent days or, at most, weeks. Questionnaires on secondhand smoke exposure have been assessed for their reliability and validity, generally based on comparisons with either biomarker or air monitoring data as the “gold” standard ( Jaakkola and Jaakkola 1997 ). Two studies evaluated the reliability of questionnaires on lifetime exposures ( Pron et al. 1988 ; Coultas et al. 1989 ). Both showed a high degree of repeatability for questions concerning whether a spouse had smoked, but a lower reliability for responses concerning the quantitative aspects of an exposure. Emerson and colleagues (1995) evaluated the repeatability of information from parents of children with asthma. They found a high reliability for parent-reported tobacco use and for the number of cigarettes to which the child was exposed in the home during the past week.

To assess validity, questionnaire reports of current or recent exposures have been compared with levels of cotinine and other biomarkers. These studies tend to show a moderate correlation between levels of cotinine and questionnaire indicators of exposures ( Kawachi and Colditz 1996 ; Cal/EPA 1997 ; Jaakkola and Jaakkola 1997 ). However, cotinine levels reflect not only exposure but metabolism and excretion ( Benowitz 1999 ). Consequently, exposure is only one determinant of variation in cotinine levels among persons; there also are individual variations in metabolism and excretion rates. In spite of these sources of variability, mean levels of cotinine vary as anticipated across categories of self-reported exposures ( Cal/EPA 1997 ; Jaakkola and Jaakkola 1997 ), and self-reported exposures are moderately associated with measured levels of markers ( Cal/EPA 1997 ; Jaakkola and Jaakkola 1997 ).

Biomarkers are also used for assessing exposures to secondhand smoke. A number of biomarkers are available, but they vary in their specificity and in the dynamics of the temporal relationship between the exposure and the marker level ( Cal/EPA 1997 ; Benowitz 1999 ). These markers include specific tobacco smoke components (nicotine) or metabolites (cotinine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines), nonspecific biomarkers (thiocyanate and CO ), adducts with tobacco smoke components or metabolites (4-amino-biphenyl hemoglobin adducts, benzo[ a ]pyrene DNA adducts, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon albumin adducts), and nonspecific assays (urinary mutagenicity). Cotinine has been the most widely used biomarker, primarily because of its specificity, half-life, and ease of measurement in body fluids (e. g ., urine, blood, and saliva). Biomarkers are discussed in detail in Chapter 3 (Assessment of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke).

Some epidemiologic studies have also incorporated air monitoring, either direct personal sampling or the indirect approach based on the microenvironmental model. Nicotine, present in the gas phase of secondhand smoke, can be monitored passively with a special filter or actively using a pump and a sorbent. Hammond and Leaderer (1987) first described a diffusion monitor for the passive sampling of nicotine in 1987; this device has now been widely used to assess concentrations in different environments and to study health effects. Airborne particles have also been measured using active monitoring devices.

Each of these approaches for assessing exposures has strengths and limitations, and preference for one over another will depend on the research question and its context ( Jaakkola and Jaakkola 1997 ; Jaakkola and Samet 1999 ). Questionnaires can be used to characterize sources of exposures, such as smoking by parents. With air concentrations of markers and time-activity information, estimates of secondhand smoke exposures can be made with the microenvironmental model. Biomarkers provide exposure measures that reflect the patterns of exposure and the kinetics of the marker; the cotinine level in body fluids, for example, reflects an exposure during several days. Air monitoring may be useful for validating measurements of exposure. Exposure assessment strategies are matched to the research question and often employ a mixture of approaches determined by feasibility and cost constraints.

Misclassification of Secondhand Smoke Exposure

Misclassification may occur when classifying exposures, outcomes, confounding factors, or modifying factors. Misclassification may be differential on either exposure or outcome, or it may be random ( Armstrong et al. 1992 ). Differential or nonrandom misclassification may either increase or decrease estimates of effect, while random misclassification tends to reduce the apparent effect and weaken the relationship of exposure with disease risk. In studies of secondhand smoke and disease risk, exposure misclassification has been a major consideration in the interpretation of the evidence, although misclassification of health outcome measures has not been a substantial issue in this research. The consequences for epidemiologic studies of misclassification in general are well established ( Rothman and Greenland 1998 ).

An extensive body of literature on the classification of exposures to secondhand smoke is reviewed in this and other chapters, as well as in some publications on the consequences of misclassification ( Wu 1999 ). Two general patterns of exposure misclassification are of concern to secondhand smoke: (1) random misclassification that is not differential by the presence or absence of the health outcome and (2) systematic misclassification that is differential by the health outcome. In studying the health effects of secondhand smoke in adults, there is a further concern as to the classification of the active smoking status (never, current, or former smoking); in studies of children, the accuracy of secondhand smoke exposure classification is the primary methodologic issue around exposure assessment, but unreported active smoking by adolescents is also a concern.

With regard to random misclassification of secondhand smoke exposures, there is an inherent degree of unavoidable measurement error in the exposure measures used in epidemiologic studies. Questionnaires generally assess contact with sources of an exposure (e. g ., smoking in the home or work-place) and cannot capture all exposures nor the intensity of exposures; biomarkers provide an exposure index for a particular time window and have intrinsic variability. Some building-related factors that determine an exposure cannot be assessed accurately by a questionnaire, such as the rate of air exchange and the size of the microenvironment where time is spent, nor can concentrations be assessed accurately by subjective reports of the perceived level of tobacco smoke. In general, random misclassification of exposures tends to reduce the likelihood that studies of secondhand smoke exposure will find an effect. This type of misclassification lessens the contrast between exposure groups, because some truly exposed persons are placed in the unexposed group and some truly unexposed persons are placed in the exposed group. Differential misclassification, also a concern, may increase or decrease associations, depending on the pattern of misreporting.

One particular form of misclassification has been raised with regard to secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer: the classification of some current or former smokers as lifetime nonsmokers ( USEPA 1992 ; Lee and Forey 1995 ; Hackshaw et al. 1997 ; Wu 1999 ). The resulting bias would tend to increase the apparent association of secondhand smoke with lung cancer, if the misclassified active smokers are also more likely to be classified as involuntary smokers. Most studies of lung cancer and secondhand smoke have used spousal smoking as a main exposure variable. As smoking tends to aggregate between spouses (smokers are more likely to marry smokers), misclassification of active smoking would tend to be differential on the basis of spousal smoking (the exposure under investigation). Because active smoking is strongly associated with increased disease risk, greater misclassification of an actively smoking spouse as a non-smoker among spouses of smokers compared with spouses of nonsmokers would lead to risk estimates for spousal smoking that are biased upward by the effect of active smoking. This type of misclassification is also relevant to studies of spousal exposure and CHD risk or other diseases also caused by active smoking, although the potential for bias is less because the association of active smoking with CHD is not as strong as with lung cancer.

There have been a number of publications on this form of misclassification. Wu (1999) provides a review, and Lee and colleagues (2001) offer an assessment of potential consequences. A number of models have been developed to assess the extent of bias resulting from the misclassification of active smokers as lifetime nonsmokers ( USEPA 1992 ; Hackshaw et al. 1997 ). These models incorporate estimates of the rate of misclassification, the degree of aggregation of smokers by marriage, the prevalence of smoking in the population, and the risk of lung cancer in misclassified smokers ( Wu 1999 ). Although debate about this issue continues, analyses show that estimates of upward bias from misclassifying active smokers as lifetime nonsmokers cannot fully explain the observed increase in risk for lung cancer among lifetime non-smokers married to smokers ( Hackshaw et al. 1997 ; Wu 1999 ).

There is one additional issue related to exposure misclassification. During the time the epidemiologic studies of secondhand smoke have been carried out, exposure has been widespread and almost unavoidable. Therefore, the risk estimates may be biased downward because there are no truly unexposed persons. The 1986 Surgeon General’s report recognized this methodologic issue and noted the need for further data on population exposures to secondhand smoke ( USDHHS 1986 ). This bias was also recognized in the 1986 report of the NRC , and an adjustment for this misclassification was made to the lung cancer estimate ( NRC 1986 ). Similarly, the 1992 report of the EPA commented on background exposure and made an adjustment ( USEPA 1992 ). Some later studies have attempted to address this issue; for example, in a case-control study of active and involuntary smoking and breast cancer in Switzerland, Morabia and colleagues (2000) used a questionnaire to assess exposure and identified a small group of lifetime nonsmokers who also reported no exposure to secondhand smoke. With this subgroup of controls as the reference population, the risks of secondhand smoke exposure were substantially greater for active smoking than when the full control population was used.

This Surgeon General’s report further addresses specific issues of exposure misclassification when they are relevant to the health outcome under consideration.

Use of Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis refers to the process of evaluating and combining a body of research literature that addresses a common question. Meta-analysis is composed of qualitative and quantitative components. The qualitative component involves the systematic identification of all relevant investigations, a systematic assessment of their characteristics and quality, and the decision to include or exclude studies based on predetermined criteria. Consideration can be directed toward sources of bias that might affect the findings. The quantitative component involves the calculation and display of study results on common scales and, if appropriate, the statistical combination of these results across studies and an exploration of the reasons for any heterogeneity of findings. Viewing the findings of all studies as a single plot provides insights into the consistency of results and the precision of the studies considered. Most meta-analyses are based on published summary results, although they are most powerful when applied to data at the level of individual participants. Meta-analysis is most widely used to synthesize evidence from randomized clinical trials, sometimes yielding findings that were not evident from the results of individual studies. Meta-analysis also has been used extensively to examine bodies of observational evidence.

Beginning with the 1986 NRC report, meta-analysis has been used to summarize the evidence on involuntary smoking and health. Meta-analysis was central to the 1992 EPA risk assessment of secondhand smoke, and a series of meta-analyses supported the conclusions of the 1998 report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health in the United Kingdom. The central role of meta-analysis in interpreting and applying the evidence related to involuntary smoking and disease has led to focused criticisms of the use of meta-analysis in this context. Several papers that acknowledged support from the tobacco industry have addressed the epidemiologic findings for lung cancer, including the selection and quality of the studies, the methods for meta-analysis, and dose-response associations ( Fleiss and Gross 1991 ; Tweedie and Mengersen 1995 ; Lee 1998 , 1999 ). In a lawsuit brought by the tobacco industry against the EPA, the 1998 decision handed down by Judge William L . Osteen, Sr., in the North Carolina Federal District Court criticized the approach EPA had used to select studies for its meta-analysis and criticized the use of 90 percent rather than 95 percent confidence intervals for the summary estimates ( Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative Stabilization Corp. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency , 857 F. Supp. 1137 [M.D.N.C. 1993]). In December 2002, the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals threw out the lawsuit on the basis that tobacco companies cannot sue the EPA over its secondhand smoke report because the report was not a final agency action and therefore not subject to court review ( Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative Stabilization Corp. v. The United States Environmental Protection Agency , No. 98–2407 [4th Cir., December 11, 2002], cited in 17.7 TPLR 2.472 [2003]).

Recognizing that there is still an active discussion around the use of meta-analysis to pool data from observational studies (versus clinical trials), the authors of this Surgeon General’s report used this methodology to summarize the available data when deemed appropriate and useful, even while recognizing that the uncertainty around the meta-analytic estimates may exceed the uncertainty indicated by conventional statistical indices, because of biases either within the observational studies or produced by the manner of their selection. However, a decision to not combine estimates might have produced conclusions that are far more uncertain than the data warrant because the review would have focused on individual study results without considering their overall pattern, and without allowing for a full accounting of different sample sizes and effect estimates.

The possibility of publication bias has been raised as a potential limitation to the interpretation of evidence on involuntary smoking and disease in general, and on lung cancer and secondhand smoke exposure specifically. A 1988 paper by Vandenbroucke used a descriptive approach, called a “funnel plot,” to assess the possibility that publication bias affected the 13 studies considered in a review by Wald and colleagues (1986) . This type of plot characterizes the relationship between the magnitude of estimates and their precision. Vandenbroucke suggested the possibility of publication bias only in reference to the studies of men. Bero and colleagues (1994) concluded that there had not been a publication bias against studies with statistically significant findings, nor against the publication of studies with nonsignificant or mixed findings in the research literature. The researchers were able to identify only five unpublished “negative” studies, of which two were dissertations that tend to be delayed in publication. A subsequent study by Misakian and Bero (1998) did find a delay in the publication of studies with nonsignificant results in comparison with studies having significant results; whether this pattern has varied over the several decades of research on secondhand smoke was not addressed. More recently, Copas and Shi (2000) assessed the 37 studies considered in the meta-analysis by Hackshaw and colleagues (1997) for publication bias. Copas and Shi (2000) found a significant correlation between the estimated risk of exposure and sample size, such that smaller studies tended to have higher values. This pattern suggests the possibility of publication bias. However, using a funnel plot of the same studies, Lubin (1999) found little evidence for publication bias.

On this issue of publication bias, it is critical to distinguish between indirect statistical arguments and arguments based on actual identification of previously unidentified research. The strongest case against substantive publication bias has been made by researchers who mounted intensive efforts to find the possibly missing studies; these efforts have yielded little nothing that would alter published conclusions ( Bero et al. 1994 ; Glantz 2000 ). Presumably because this exposure is a great public health concern, the findings of studies that do not have statistically significant outcomes continue to be published ( Kawachi and Colditz 1996 ).

The quantitative results of the meta-analyses, however, were not determinate in making causal inferences in this Surgeon General’s report. In particular, the level of statistical significance of estimates from the meta-analyses was not a predominant factor in making a causal conclusion. For that purpose, this report relied on the approach and criteria set out in the 1964 and 2004 reports of the Surgeon General, which involved judgments based on an array of quantitative and qualitative considerations that included the degree of heterogeneity in the designs of the studies that were examined. Sometimes this heterogeneity limits the inference from meta-analysis by weakening the rationale for pooling the study results. However, the availability of consistent evidence from heterogenous designs can strengthen the meta-analytic findings by making it unlikely that a common bias could persist across different study designs and populations.

Confounding

Confounding, which refers in this context to the mixing of the effect of another factor with that of secondhand smoke, has been proposed as an explanation for associations of secondhand smoke with adverse health consequences. Confounding occurs when the factor of interest (secondhand smoke) is associated in the data under consideration with another factor (the confounder) that, by itself, increases the risk for the disease ( Rothman and Greenland 1998 ). Correlates of secondhand smoke exposures are not confounding factors unless an exposure to them increases the risk of disease. A factor proposed as a potential confounder is not necessarily an actual confounder unless it fulfills the two elements of the definition. Although lengthy lists of potential confounding factors have been offered as alternatives to direct associations of secondhand smoke exposures with the risk for disease, the factors on these lists generally have not been shown to be confounding in the particular data of interest.

The term confounding also conveys an implicit conceptualization as to the causal pathways that link secondhand smoke and the confounding factor to disease risk. Confounding implies that the confounding factor has an effect on risk that is independent of secondhand smoke exposure. Some factors considered as potential confounders may, however, be in the same causal pathway as a secondhand smoke exposure. Although socioeconomic status ( SES ) is often cited as a potential confounding factor, it may not have an independent effect but can affect disease risk through its association with secondhand smoke exposure ( Figure 1.2 ). This figure shows general alternative relationships among SES, secondhand smoke exposure, and risk for an adverse effect. SES may have a direct effect, or it may indirectly exert its effect through an association with secondhand smoke exposure, or it may confound the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and disease risk. To control for SES as a potential confounding factor without considering underlying relationships may lead to incorrect risk estimates. For example, controlling for SES would not be appropriate if it is a determinant of secondhand smoke exposure but has no direct effect.

Model for socioeconomic status (SES) and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Arrows indicate directionality of association.

Nonetheless, because the health effects of involuntary smoking have other causes, the possibility of confounding needs careful exploration when assessing associations of secondhand smoke exposure with adverse health effects. In addition, survey data from the last several decades show that secondhand smoke exposure is associated with correlates of lifestyle that may influence the risk for some health effects, thus increasing concerns for the possibility of confounding ( Kawachi and Colditz 1996 ). Survey data from the United States ( Matanoski et al. 1995 ) and the United Kingdom ( Thornton et al. 1994 ) show that adults with secondhand smoke exposures generally tend to have less healthful lifestyles. However, the extent to which these patterns of association can be generalized, either to other countries or to the past, is uncertain.

The potential bias from confounding varies with the association of the confounder to secondhand smoke exposures in a particular study and to the strength of the confounder as a risk factor. The importance of confounding to the interpretation of evidence depends further on the magnitude of the effect of secondhand smoke on disease. As the strength of an association lessens, confounding as an alternative explanation for an association becomes an increasing concern. In prior reviews, confounding has been addressed either quantitatively ( Hackshaw et al. 1997 ) or qualitatively ( Cal/EPA 1997 ; Thun et al. 1999 ). In the chapters in this report that focus on specific diseases, confounding is specifically addressed in the context of potential confounding factors for the particular diseases.

  • Tobacco Industry Activities

The evidence on secondhand smoke and disease risk, given the public health and public policy implications, has been reviewed extensively in the published peer-reviewed literature and in evaluations by a number of expert panels. In addition, the evidence has been criticized repeatedly by the tobacco industry and its consultants in venues that have included the peer-reviewed literature, public meetings and hearings, and scientific symposia that included symposia sponsored by the industry. Open criticism in the peer-reviewed literature can strengthen the credibility of scientific evidence by challenging researchers to consider the arguments proposed by critics and to rebut them.

Industry documents indicate that the tobacco industry has engaged in widespread activities, however, that have gone beyond the bounds of accepted scientific practice ( Glantz 1996 ; Ong and Glantz 2000 , 2001 ; Rampton and Stauber 2000 ; Yach and Bialous 2001 ; Hong and Bero 2002 ; Diethelm et al. 2004 ). Through a variety of organized tactics, the industry has attempted to undermine the credibility of the scientific evidence on secondhand smoke. The industry has funded or carried out research that has been judged to be biased, supported scientists to generate letters to editors that criticized research publications, attempted to undermine the findings of key studies, assisted in establishing a scientific society with a journal, and attempted to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus ( Garne et al. 2005 ). These tactics are not a topic of this report, but to the extent that the scientific literature has been distorted, they are addressed as the evidence is reviewed. This report does not specifically identify tobacco industry sponsorship of publications unless that information is relevant to the interpretation of the findings and conclusions.

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Smoking Essay & Paragraph

Smoking and chewing tobacco products have been practiced in many parts of the world since ancient times. But everyone knows that it is harmful to health. In particular, 8 million people worldwide die prematurely every year due to smoking. Therefore, it is very important to create awareness among the people to refrain from chewing tobacco and smoking. Informative essays and paragraphs on smoking shared here can be useful for readers and help students and examinees in writing their compositions.

Smoking Essay & Paragraph

Table of Contents

Essay on Smoking & Tobacco, 500 Words

By: Haque , For class 9-10/SSC, 08-01-’22

Points of synopsis:

  • An ancient practice.
  • Smoking came in vogue in Europe in the 16th century after the discovery of America.
  • It is now not merely a fashion but a fact of modern life.
  • Evils of smoking — extremely injurious to health.
  • It is also a wasteful practice that involves at least 5% of the total national dividend of an advanced country like the USA.

Tobacco chewing has been practiced in many parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, since ancient times. But smoking started on a larger scale after the discovery of America by Columbus, i.e. early 16th century. Experts say that the word tobacco has come from the name of Tobago Island, in the West Indies, where tobacco is largely cultivated. The word ‘nicotine’, that harmful chemical which tobacco contains in a large percentage, has taken its name from the then French minister of the same name. Whatever that may be, tobacco addiction is now a widespread fashion all over the world.

There are, of course, many apologists for tobacco smoking. They say that for releasing tense nerves, tobacco is certainly a good solvent. Pursuing this mistaken notion many tender-aged boys, even girls, take to smoking. Some literature are of opinion that by supplying the fume of tobacco to the brain through smoking one can recruit one’s ideas better and produce excellent literature. In this way, misguided students smoke hard before examinations in the hope of putting up an excellent performance in answer papers. According to some others, tobacco smoking is only a diversion and consolation for the poor and hardworking laborers.

Medical men and researchers are unanimous in condemning tobacco smoking. Along with nicotine by lightening cigarette or any variant of it, one inhales poisonous chemicals that definitely and invariably shorten one’s longevity. Tobacco is nothing short of venom to these people who suffer from asthma or other respiratory ailments. About 10% of the population of the world die before their time due to tobacco smoking. Nicotine and other harmful compounds generate fatal diseases like lung cancer, blood pressure, acidity, stomach ulcer, and various other intractable ailments. By smoking five cigarettes every day one deducts five years from one’s usual span of life. Even those who are forced to smell tobacco while sitting nearby the smoker, suffer as passive smokers from fatal diseases. In short, there is nothing in a cigarette to commend it for acceptance. Yet young people are found pressing cigarettes between their lips just to look smart. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people worldwide die each year as a result of tobacco use. About 8 million people die every year directly or indirectly for smoking.

It has been already said that a large number of deaths are accounted for by reckless smoking. It is no plea that some chain-smokers have not suffered from cancer. Smoking was considered by our forefathers as a kind of sin. They are justified in one sense; for it is like the path of sin that is always slippery. The vogue of tobacco often leads to alcoholic and even more fatal drug habits. Besides, tobacco smoking is nowadays a very expensive habit and, once started, it is very difficult to give up the practice. One may take the vow like Mark Twain, the American literateur of last century, who took twenty oaths a day of not to smoke and broke each of them. Thus his oath lasted only for the time between the end of one and the lightening of the next cigarette. For once tobacco smoking is taken up, it gets into the blood and it becomes difficult to get out of the addiction. So, it is always better not to start it like prevention that is always better than cure.

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Essay on Smoking: Causes, Dangers & How to Prevent it

By: Haque , Words: 480, For class 9-10/SSC

Introduction: Smoking is one of the most injurious habits. Nowadays smoking is common all over the world. This habit has been found to spread among people of all ages over the decades.

Dangers of Smoking: Smoking can cause serious health hazards. Tobacco has injurious substances including nicotine. When somebody smokes, nicotine enters into his lungs and gets mixed with his blood. Then it spreads throughout the whole body through blood circulation. Smoking cigarettes can cause serious harm to one’s lungs and larynx. It is the main cause of lung cancer. It also causes diseases like asthma, bronchitis, gastric, ulcer, and heart disease. Smoking can harm not only the person smoking cigarettes but also the people around him. The smoke released by a smoker is inhaled by people in close proximity. It is called passive smoking. Passive smoking is no less harmful than active smoking and all the dangers of smoke are also associated with passive smoking.

Reasons for Smoking: There are some intoxicating materials like nicotine in tobacco. They cause addiction. People get attracted (Stef) to tobacco smoking in different ways. First of all, advertisements by tobacco companies attract people to tobacco smoking. Secondly, smoking by actors and actresses in movies, dramas, and TV programs also attracts people to smoke. They consider smoking as a matter of smartness. Thirdly, youths and youngsters smoke being influenced by the evil company. Usually, it starts out of curiosity and then becomes a lasting habit. Lastly, children are also influenced by their smoker parents. They form acceptance of smoking in their mind and do not consider it as something harmful.

How to Stop Smoking: Smoking has been accepted as a harmful habit by governments worldwide. Many preventive measures have been undertaken in this respect by countries all over the world. Such measures include:

  • Banning cigarette smoking in public spaces like bus stations, railway stations, subway stations, market places, museums, Zoos, auditoriums, etc., and on public transports such as buses, trains, launches, steamers, ships, etc.
  • Restricting buying and selling of cigarettes publicly. Also banning the sale of cigarettes to minors.
  • In Bangladesh the government has enacted laws banning the advertisement of cigarettes, buying and selling cigarettes publicly, and smoking cigarettes in public places. The government has also imposed fines and penalties for the violation of these laws.
  • The government has also passed laws requiring cigarette companies to print warning signs on the packets of cigarettes.

What else is needed is a greater degree of awareness among people and a strong will to stop smoking. Besides, censorship should be imposed on TV programs, dramas, and movies having scenes of smoking.

Conclusion: There is no doubt that the habit of smoking can cause great harm to a person. It is harmful not only to him but also to his family and the people around him. So, everybody should try seriously to avoid smoking.

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A Paragraph on the Dangers of Smoking, 200 Words

By: Haque , For class 9-12, 07-01-’22

Smoking is a bad habit without any doubt. There are many harmful effects of this bad habit. The most dangerous effect is that it causes serious health hazards. A smoker increases the risk of being attacked with heart attack, stroke, and cancer. He usually suffers from various kinds of respiratory diseases like bronchitis, asthma, and coughing. A smoker can not enjoy a fresh breath. A bad smell comes out of his mouth that causes serious irritation to the non-smokers. Non-smokers are also harmed by a smoker when he smokes before them. It is an irony that despite knowing the bad effects of smoking, people smoke. A precautionary slogan ‘smoking is harmful to health’ is written on the cigarette packet. But smokers are unaware of it. In fact, smoking is a serious addiction. It becomes very difficult to give up this habit if someone is addicted to it. So it is better not to get habituated. Recently Government has taken some steps to discourage smoking and protect non-smokers from being affected by smokers. A law has been passed to ban smoking in public places. It is true that this effort is not sufficient to prevent people from smoking. It is necessary to raise a social campaign against smoking and make people aware of the danger of smoking.

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Smoking Paragraph, 150 Words

By: Haque , For class 7-8, 07-01-’22

Smoking is one of the most injurious habits. Nowadays smoking is common all over the world. This habit has been found to spread among people of all ages over the decades. Smoking can cause serious health hazards. Tobacco has injurious substances including nicotine. When somebody smokes, nicotine enters into his lungs and gets mixed with his blood. Then it spreads throughout the whole body through blood circulation. Smoking of cigarettes can cause serious harm to one’s lungs and larynx. It is the main cause of lung cancer. It also causes diseases like asthma, bronchitis, gastric, ulcer, and heart disease. Smoking can harm not only the person smoking cigarettes but also the people around him. The smoke released by a smoker is inhaled by people in close proximity. It is called passive smoking. Passive smoking is no less harmful than active smoking and all the dangers of smoke are also associated with passive smoking.

Smoking Essay : Causes, Harms and Ways to Quit

By: Haque | 400 Words

Introduction: Smoking is a dangerous habit that affects not only the smoker, but also those around them. It is a leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide and is linked to a variety of health problems, including lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illness. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why people start smoking, the harms of smoking, and ways to quit smoking.

Reasons for Starting to Smoke: There are many reasons why people start smoking. For some, it is peer pressure or the desire to fit in with a certain group. For others, it is a way to cope with stress or to feel more confident in social situations. Nicotine, the addictive substance in cigarettes, can also be a powerful lure for those who are looking for a quick and easy way to feel good.

Harms of Smoking: The harms of smoking are well-documented and extensive. Smoking is a leading cause of lung cancer, and it also increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other serious health problems. It can also cause damage to the respiratory system, leading to chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Secondhand smoke is also a serious concern, as it can cause health problems in those around the smoker, including lung cancer and respiratory illness.

Ways to Quit Smoking: Quitting smoking can be difficult, but it is possible with the right tools and support. Some people choose to quit cold turkey, while others prefer to gradually reduce the number of cigarettes they smoke each day. Nicotine replacement therapy, such as gum or patches, can also be helpful in managing withdrawal symptoms. Medications, such as bupropion and varenicline, can also be prescribed to help with smoking cessation.

Counseling and support groups can also be very beneficial, as they provide a safe and supportive environment for smokers who are trying to quit. Additionally, setting a quit date and having a plan in place can make it easier to quit smoking.

Conclusion: Smoking is a dangerous habit that can have serious health consequences. However, with the right tools and support, it is possible to quit smoking and improve overall health. It’s important to understand the reasons why people start smoking, the harms that it causes and the various ways to quit smoking. We all should make a conscious effort to quit smoking and lead a healthy life.

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Select ONLY ONE question listed below to write an essay for this week’s discussion forum.

1. Differentiate among drug misuse, drug abuse, and drug dependence.

2. The health consequences of secondhand smoke have been well documented. Do you feel that smoking bans in public places are fair to all citizens? Explain your answer.

3. What is BAC? Describe the general sequence of physiological events that takes place when a person drinks alcohol at a rate faster than the liver can oxidize it. Why?

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Initial Response : Initial responses should be no less than 200 words in length not including your reference(s) and supported by at least two references . APA fo

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Smoking Paragraph

Paragraph On Smoking: Smoking is undoubtedly a bad habit and harmful both physical and financial. A smoker, if he does not realize the bad effects of smoking turns to be a chain-smoker. A smoker not only harms himself but also pollutes the environment he lives in.

The effects of smoking are very dangerous. Smoking gives rise to various serious diseases. It may cause cancer, bronchitis and many other brain and lung diseases.

Our young generation is the worst victim of smoking. Most of them are frustrated regarding their future. As a result, they are addicted to smoking. Not only this, a non-smoker who breathes the fume of cigarette is at the risk of being affected with hypertension.

One puff of cigarette smoke contains fifteen billion particles of injurious matters like nicotine, methyl alcohol, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, arsenic, benzopyrene etc. All these directly affect a smoker.

Besides, a non-smoker sitting or living with a smoker is also affected with these, because he has to inhale all these fatal elements.

It is undeniably recognized that smoking is harmful to all even for your family members. With the burning of cigarette all good is perverted into bad ones. Let’s move for preventing smoking and ensuring a sound and healthier life for our coming generation.

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COMMENTS

  1. letter about Stop Smoking

    letter about Stop Smoking | Bac Writing | anglais | English - janvier 07, 2021 Letter Writing Indeed, most people smoking don't want to, because of the health problems. They are afraid of some sort of illness one day. In fact, they usually know that smoking can lead to cancer and severe cardiac diseases.

  2. Essay on Smoking in English for Students

    Nearly one billion people in the whole world smoke. It is a shocking figure as that 1 billion puts millions of people at risk along with themselves. Cigarettes have a major impact on the lungs. Around a third of all cancer cases happen due to smoking. For instance, it can affect breathing and causes shortness of breath and coughing.

  3. Cause and Effect Essay on Smoking

    Dissolvable tobacco, smokeless tobacco (snus), snuff Electronic cigarette (nicotine delivery system) Hookah, shisha Tobacco in America Tobacco has been on earth for over 8,000 years, likely to begin in Central Mexico. Originally it was used by Native Americans for religious ceremonies and for health care.

  4. Examples & Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay About Smoking

    1. What You Need To Know About Persuasive Essay 2. Persuasive Essay Examples About Smoking 3. Argumentative Essay About Smoking Examples 4. Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay About Smoking What You Need To Know About Persuasive Essay A persuasive essay is a type of writing that aims to convince its readers to take a certain stance or action.

  5. Writing a Smoking Essay. Complete Actionable Guide

    There are several compelling arguments in favor, such as: A smoking essay can fit any type of writing assignment. You can craft an argumentative essay about smoking, a persuasive piece, or even a narration about someone's struggle with quitting. It's a rare case of a one-size-fits-all topic.

  6. Essay on Smoking for Students and Children in English 500 words

    Smoking has a multitude of detrimental physiological, psychological, and social effects that can have a significant negative impact on a person's life. Smoking can have a negative impact on our health. Smoking has a major negative influence on the lungs. Smoking is the primary cause of one-third of all cancer cases.

  7. Tobacco Smoking and Its Dangers

    Introduction. Tobacco use, including smoking, has become a universally recognized issue that endangers the health of the population of our entire planet through both active and second-hand smoking. Pro-tobacco arguments are next to non-existent, while its harm is well-documented and proven through past and contemporary studies (Jha et al., 2013).

  8. Cigarette smoke and adverse health effects: An overview of research

    Almost 35 years ago, the Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Health Service reviewed over 7000 research papers on the topic of smoking and health, and publicly recognized the role of smoking in various diseases, including lung cancer. Since then, numerous studies have been published that substantiate the strong association of ...

  9. Essay on Negative Effects Of Smoking

    500 Words Essay on Negative Effects Of Smoking Introduction. Smoking is a habit that many people pick up due to various reasons, such as stress, peer pressure, or even out of curiosity. Despite its popularity, smoking has many negative effects on our health and the environment. This essay will discuss these harmful effects in simple terms.

  10. IELTS Writing Task 2 : Smoking

    2387 By IELTS Practice Online Topic: Smoking Despite health warnings, a large number of people continue to smoke all over the world. Why should we be concerned about this? What solutions would you suggest? Give reason for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

  11. Writing: Students smoking

    The effects of smoking tobacco are irreversible and may cause severe health problem For instance, smokers run a great risk of lung and throat cancers, heart attacks, premature aging of the skin, wrinkles, stained teeth and finger tips. Moreover, students who smoke lose concentration at school, their grades get worse and some get kicked out of ...

  12. Essay About Smoking: Best Writing Help For You

    You may write informative smoking on college campuses essay describing psychological factors that push young people to start smoking. A slight decrease in the number of smokers is observed after people reach the age of 25 years. A lot of men begin to limit the consumption of cigarettes when they reach 40-44 years.

  13. 10+ Top Persuasive essay about smoking examples

    Here are a few tips and tricks to make your persuasive essay about smoking stand out: 1. Do Your Research. Before you start writing, make sure to do thorough research on the topic of smoking and its effects. Look for primary and secondary sources that provide valuable information about the issue. 2. Create an Outline.

  14. 229 Smoking Essay Topics & Titles for Smoking Essay + Examples

    Smoking is a well-known source of harm yet popular regardless, and so smoking essays should cover various aspects of the topic to identify the reasons behind the trend. You will want to discuss the causes and effects of smoking and how they contributed to the persistent refusal of large parts of the population to abandon the habit, even if they ...

  15. Essays About Smoking

    Smoking Essay Smoking is a widespread habit that involves inhaling smoke from the burning of tobacco. It is a highly addictive habit that has numerous negative effects on the body, including lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory issues. Writing an essay on smoking can be a challenging task, but it is an important topic to discuss.

  16. 1 Introduction, Summary, and Conclusions

    Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people. As with adults, it poses a serious health threat to youth and young adults in the United States and has significant implications for this nation's public and economic health in the future (Perry et al. 1994; Kessler 1995). The impact of cigarette smoking and other tobacco use on chronic disease, which accounts for 75% of American spending ...

  17. Free Essays on Smoking, Examples, Topics, Outlines

    Essays on Smoking Essay-writers in each smoking essay emphasize the dangers of smoking, and fairly so. After all, smoking is one of the most widespread bad habits in the world - there are about 2 billion smokers worldwide.

  18. Task 2 IELTS Sample Essay: Smoking

    The other two negative effects are economical and social. First of all, smokers spend a large proportion of their income on buying tobacco especially for high quality ones, that is considered as a waste of money. This is particularly true for those with low income, and as result their families will be affected.

  19. 1 Introduction, Summary, and Conclusions

    The topic of passive or involuntary smoking was first addressed in the 1972 U.S. Surgeon General's report (The Health Consequences of Smoking, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare [USDHEW] 1972), only eight years after the first Surgeon General's report on the health consequences of active smoking (USDHEW 1964). Surgeon General Dr. Jesse Steinfeld had raised concerns about ...

  20. Smoking Essay & Paragraph » All Paragraph

    Essay on Smoking & Tobacco, 500 Words By: Haque, For class 9-10/SSC, 08-01-'22 Points of synopsis: An ancient practice. Smoking came in vogue in Europe in the 16th century after the discovery of America. It is now not merely a fashion but a fact of modern life. Evils of smoking — extremely injurious to health.

  21. Drug use, Smoking, or BAC

    Question Description Select ONLY ONE question listed below to write an essay for this week's discussion forum. 1. Differentiate among drug misuse, drug abuse, and drug dependence. 2. The health consequences of secondhand smoke have been well documented. Do you feel that smoking bans in public places are fair to all citizens? Explain your answer. …

  22. essay about smoking bac

    dalilaltelmidh.net. Jeudi 7 janvier 2021, letter about stop smoking | bac writing | anglais | english. Sujets similaires - Similar topics. 0 commentaires, enregistrer un commentai

  23. Smoking Paragraph| Essay And Paragraph

    Smoking Paragraph| Essay And Paragraph Smoking Paragraph Rita Rani | February 25, 2017 | Paragraph | No Comments Paragraph On Smoking: Smoking is undoubtedly a bad habit and harmful both physical and financial. A smoker, if he does not realize the bad effects of smoking turns to be a chain-smoker.